卧槽:一张900w的数据表,17s执行的SQL优化到300ms?
共 5702字,需浏览 12分钟
·
2020-09-06 14:47
有一张财务流水表,未分库分表,目前的数据量为9555695,分页查询使用到了limit,优化之前的查询耗时16 s 938 ms (execution: 16 s 831 ms, fetching: 107 ms),按照下文的方式调整SQL后,耗时347 ms (execution: 163 ms, fetching: 184 ms);
操作:查询条件放到子查询中,子查询只查主键ID,然后使用子查询中确定的主键关联查询其他的属性字段;
原理:减少回表操作;
-- 优化前SQL
SELECT 各种字段
FROM `table_name`
WHERE 各种条件
LIMIT 0,10;
-- 优化后SQL
SELECT 各种字段
FROM `table_name` main_tale
RIGHT JOIN
(
SELECT 子查询只查主键
FROM `table_name`
WHERE 各种条件
LIMIT 0,10;
) temp_table ON temp_table.主键 = main_table.主键
一,前言
首先说明一下MySQL的版本:
mysql> select version();
+-----------+
| version() |
+-----------+
| 5.7.17 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
表结构:
mysql> desc test;
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | bigint(20) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| val | int(10) unsigned | NO | MUL | 0 | |
| source | int(10) unsigned | NO | | 0 | |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
id为自增主键,val为非唯一索引。
灌入大量数据,共500万:
mysql> select count(*) from test;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 5242882 |
+----------+
1 row in set (4.25 sec)
我们知道,当limit offset rows中的offset很大时,会出现效率问题:
mysql> select * from test where val=4 limit 300000,5;
+---------+-----+--------+
| id | val | source |
+---------+-----+--------+
| 3327622 | 4 | 4 |
| 3327632 | 4 | 4 |
| 3327642 | 4 | 4 |
| 3327652 | 4 | 4 |
| 3327662 | 4 | 4 |
+---------+-----+--------+
5 rows in set (15.98 sec)
为了达到相同的目的,我们一般会改写成如下语句:
mysql> select * from test a inner join (select id from test where val=4 limit 300000,5) b on a.id=b.id;
+---------+-----+--------+---------+
| id | val | source | id |
+---------+-----+--------+---------+
| 3327622 | 4 | 4 | 3327622 |
| 3327632 | 4 | 4 | 3327632 |
| 3327642 | 4 | 4 | 3327642 |
| 3327652 | 4 | 4 | 3327652 |
| 3327662 | 4 | 4 | 3327662 |
+---------+-----+--------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.38 sec)
为什么会出现上面的结果?我们看一下select * from test where val=4 limit 300000,5;
的查询过程:
肯定会有人问:既然一开始是利用索引的,为什么不先沿着索引叶子节点查询到最后需要的5个节点,然后再去聚簇索引中查询实际数据。这样只需要5次随机I/O,类似于下面图片的过程:
其实我也想问这个问题。
证实
下面我们实际操作一下来证实上述的推论:
select * from test where val=4 limit 300000,5
mysql> select index_name,count(*) from
information_schema.INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE where
INDEX_NAME in('val','primary') and TABLE_NAME like '%test%'
group by index_name;Empty set (0.04 sec)
可以看出,目前buffer pool中没有关于test表的数据页。
mysql> select * from test where val=4 limit 300000,5;
+---------+-----+--------+
| id | val | source |
+---------+-----+--------+|
3327622 | 4 | 4 |
| 3327632 | 4 | 4 |
| 3327642 | 4 | 4 |
| 3327652 | 4 | 4 |
| 3327662 | 4 | 4 |
+---------+-----+--------+
5 rows in set (26.19 sec)
mysql> select index_name,count(*) from information_schema.INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE where INDEX_NAME in('val','primary') and TABLE_NAME like '%test%' group by index_name;
+------------+----------+
| index_name | count(*) |
+------------+----------+
| PRIMARY | 4098 |
| val | 208 |
+------------+----------+2 rows in set (0.04 sec)
可以看出,此时buffer pool中关于test表有4098个数据页,208个索引页。
mysqladmin shutdown
/usr/local/bin/mysqld_safe &
mysql> select index_name,count(*) from information_schema.INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE where INDEX_NAME in('val','primary') and TABLE_NAME like '%test%' group by index_name;
Empty set (0.03 sec)
运行sql:
mysql> select * from test a inner join (select id from test where val=4 limit 300000,5) b on a.id=b.id;
+---------+-----+--------+---------+
| id | val | source | id |
+---------+-----+--------+---------+
| 3327622 | 4 | 4 | 3327622 |
| 3327632 | 4 | 4 | 3327632 |
| 3327642 | 4 | 4 | 3327642 |
| 3327652 | 4 | 4 | 3327652 |
| 3327662 | 4 | 4 | 3327662 |
+---------+-----+--------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.09 sec)
mysql> select index_name,count(*) from information_schema.INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE where INDEX_NAME in('val','primary') and TABLE_NAME like '%test%' group by index_name;
+------------+----------+
| index_name | count(*) |
+------------+----------+
| PRIMARY | 5 |
| val | 390 |
+------------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.03 sec)
而且这会造成一个问题:加载了很多热点不是很高的数据页到buffer pool,会造成buffer pool的污染,占用buffer pool的空间。遇到的问题
为了在每次重启时确保清空buffer pool,我们需要关闭innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown
和innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup
,这两个选项能够控制数据库关闭时dump出buffer pool中的数据和在数据库开启时载入在磁盘上备份buffer pool的数据。
作者:Muscleape
jianshu.com/p/0768ebc4e28d
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