【React】957- 一文总结 React Hooks 常用场景
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2021-05-16 04:03
作者：超级英雄｜原文地址: https://juejin.cn/post/6918896729366462471
前言
文章虽然比较长，但是可以说是全网最全最有用的总结了，学会的记得分享、点赞、收藏、谢谢支持
React 在 v16.8 的版本中推出了 React Hooks 新特性。在我看来，使用 React Hooks 相比于从前的类组件有以下几点好处：
代码可读性更强，原本同一块功能的代码逻辑被拆分在了不同的生命周期函数中，容易使开发者不利于维护和迭代，通过 React Hooks 可以将功能代码聚合，方便阅读维护；
组件树层级变浅，在原本的代码中，我们经常使用 HOC/render props 等方式来复用组件的状态，增强功能等，无疑增加了组件树层数及渲染，而在 React Hooks 中，这些功能都可以通过强大的自定义的 Hooks 来实现；
一、State Hook
1、基础用法
function State(){
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
return (
<div>
<p>You clicked {count} times</p>
<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
Click me
</button>
</div>
)
}
2、更新
// 直接更新
setState(newCount);
// 函数式更新
setState(prevCount => prevCount - 1);
3、实现合并
setState(prevState => {
// 也可以使用 Object.assign
return {...prevState, ...updatedValues};
});
4、惰性初始化 state
const [state, setState] = useState(() => {
const initialState = someExpensiveComputation(props);
return initialState;
});
5、一些重点
（1）不像 class 中的 this.setState ，Hook 更新 state 变量总是替换它而不是合并它； （2）推荐使用多个 state 变量，而不是单个 state 变量，因为 state 的替换逻辑而不是合并逻辑，并且利于后续的相关 state 逻辑抽离； （3）调用 State Hook 的更新函数并传入当前的 state 时，React 将跳过子组件的渲染及 effect 的执行。（React 使用 Object.is 比较算法 来比较 state。）
二、Effect Hook
1、基础用法
function Effect(){
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
useEffect(() => {
console.log(`You clicked ${count} times`);
});
return (
<div>
<p>You clicked {count} times</p>
<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
Click me
</button>
</div>
)
}
2、清除操作
useEffect(() => {
const subscription = props.source.subscribe();
return () => {
// 清除订阅
subscription.unsubscribe();
};
});
3、执行时期
4、性能优化
useEffect(() => {
document.title = `You clicked ${count} times`;
}, [count]); // 仅在 count 更改时更新
5、模拟 componentDidMount
useEffect(() => {
.....
}, []);
6、最佳实践
// bad，不推荐
function Example({ someProp }) {
function doSomething() {
console.log(someProp);
}
useEffect(() => {
doSomething();
}, []); // 🔴 这样不安全（它调用的 `doSomething` 函数使用了 `someProp`）
}
// good，推荐
function Example({ someProp }) {
useEffect(() => {
function doSomething() {
console.log(someProp);
}
doSomething();
}, [someProp]); // ✅ 安全（我们的 effect 仅用到了 `someProp`）
}
// 1、安装插件
npm i eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev
// 2、eslint 配置
{
"plugins": [
// ...
"react-hooks"
],
"rules": {
// ...
"react-hooks/rules-of-hooks": "error",
"react-hooks/exhaustive-deps": "warn"
}
}
7、一些重点
（1）可以把 useEffect Hook 看做 componentDidMount，componentDidUpdate和 componentWillUnmount这三个函数的组合； （2）在 React 的 class 组件中，render 函数是不应该有任何副作用的；一般来说，在这里执行操作太早了，我们基本上都希望在 React 更新 DOM 之后才执行我们的操作。
三、useContext
import React from 'react';
const ThemeContext = React.createContext(0);
export default ThemeContext;
import React, { useState } from 'react';
import ThemeContext from './ThemeContext';
import ContextComponent1 from './ContextComponent1';
function ContextPage () {
const [count, setCount] = useState(1);
return (
<div className="App">
<ThemeContext.Provider value={count}>
<ContextComponent1 />
</ThemeContext.Provider>
<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
Click me
</button>
</div>
);
}
export default ContextPage;
import React from 'react';
import ContextComponent2 from './ContextComponent2';
function ContextComponent () {
return (
<ContextComponent2 />
);
}
export default ContextComponent;
import React, { useContext } from 'react';
import ThemeContext from './ThemeContext';
function ContextComponent () {
const value = useContext(ThemeContext);
return (
<div>useContext:{value}</div>
);
}
export default ContextComponent;
四、useReducer
1、基础用法
import React, { useReducer } from 'react';
interface stateType {
count: number
}
interface actionType {
type: string
}
const initialState = { count: 0 };
const reducer = (state:stateType, action:actionType) => {
switch (action.type) {
case 'increment':
return { count: state.count + 1 };
case 'decrement':
return { count: state.count - 1 };
default:
throw new Error();
}
};
const UseReducer = () => {
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialState);
return (
<div className="App">
<div>useReducer Count:{state.count}</div>
<button onClick={() => { dispatch({ type: 'decrement' }); }}>useReducer 减少</button>
<button onClick={() => { dispatch({ type: 'increment' }); }}>useReducer 增加</button>
</div>
);
};
export default UseReducer;
2、惰性初始化 state
interface stateType {
count: number
}
interface actionType {
type: string,
paylod?: number
}
const initCount =0
const init = (initCount:number)=>{
return {count:initCount}
}
const reducer = (state:stateType, action:actionType)=>{
switch(action.type){
case 'increment':
return {count: state.count + 1}
case 'decrement':
return {count: state.count - 1}
case 'reset':
return init(action.paylod || 0)
default:
throw new Error();
}
}
const UseReducer = () => {
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer,initCount,init)
return (
<div className="App">
<div>useReducer Count:{state.count}</div>
<button onClick={()=>{dispatch({type:'decrement'})}}>useReducer 减少</button>
<button onClick={()=>{dispatch({type:'increment'})}}>useReducer 增加</button>
<button onClick={()=>{dispatch({type:'reset',paylod:10 })}}>useReducer 增加</button>
</div>
);
}
export default UseReducer;
五、Memo
import React, { memo, useState } from 'react';
// 子组件
const ChildComp = () => {
console.log('ChildComp...');
return (<div>ChildComp...</div>);
};
// 父组件
const Parent = () => {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
return (
<div className="App">
<div>hello world {count}</div>
<div onClick={() => { setCount(count => count + 1); }}>点击增加</div>
<ChildComp/>
</div>
);
};
export default Parent;
// 子组件
const ChildComp = () => {
console.log('ChildComp...');
return (<div>ChildComp...</div>);
};
const MemoChildComp = memo(ChildComp);
六、useMemo
import React, { memo, useState } from 'react';
// 子组件
const ChildComp = (info:{info:{name: string, age: number}}) => {
console.log('ChildComp...');
return (<div>ChildComp...</div>);
};
const MemoChildComp = memo(ChildComp);
// 父组件
const Parent = () => {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
const [name] = useState('jack');
const [age] = useState(11);
const info = { name, age };
return (
<div className="App">
<div>hello world {count}</div>
<div onClick={() => { setCount(count => count + 1); }}>点击增加</div>
<MemoChildComp info={info}/>
</div>
);
};
export default Parent;
分析原因：
解决：
使用 useMemo 将对象属性包一层，useMemo 有两个参数：
第一个参数是个函数，返回的对象指向同一个引用，不会创建新对象； 第二个参数是个数组，只有数组中的变量改变时，第一个参数的函数才会返回一个新的对象。
import React, { memo, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
// 子组件
const ChildComp = (info:{info:{name: string, age: number}}) => {
console.log('ChildComp...');
return (<div>ChildComp...</div>);
};
const MemoChildComp = memo(ChildComp);
// 父组件
const Parent = () => {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
const [name] = useState('jack');
const [age] = useState(11);
// 使用 useMemo 将对象属性包一层
const info = useMemo(() => ({ name, age }), [name, age]);
return (
<div className="App">
<div>hello world {count}</div>
<div onClick={() => { setCount(count => count + 1); }}>点击增加</div>
<MemoChildComp info={info}/>
</div>
);
};
export default Parent;
七 、useCallback
import React, { memo, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
// 子组件
const ChildComp = (props:any) => {
console.log('ChildComp...');
return (<div>ChildComp...</div>);
};
const MemoChildComp = memo(ChildComp);
// 父组件
const Parent = () => {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
const [name] = useState('jack');
const [age] = useState(11);
const info = useMemo(() => ({ name, age }), [name, age]);
const changeName = () => {
console.log('输出名称...');
};
return (
<div className="App">
<div>hello world {count}</div>
<div onClick={() => { setCount(count => count + 1); }}>点击增加</div>
<MemoChildComp info={info} changeName={changeName}/>
</div>
);
};
export default Parent;
分析下原因：
解决：
import React, { memo, useCallback, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
// 子组件
const ChildComp = (props:any) => {
console.log('ChildComp...');
return (<div>ChildComp...</div>);
};
const MemoChildComp = memo(ChildComp);
// 父组件
const Parent = () => {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
const [name] = useState('jack');
const [age] = useState(11);
const info = useMemo(() => ({ name, age }), [name, age]);
const changeName = useCallback(() => {
console.log('输出名称...');
}, []);
return (
<div className="App">
<div>hello world {count}</div>
<div onClick={() => { setCount(count => count + 1); }}>点击增加</div>
<MemoChildComp info={info} changeName={changeName}/>
</div>
);
};
export default Parent;
八、useRef
1、指向 dom 元素
import React, { useRef, useEffect } from 'react';
const Page1 = () => {
const myRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
useEffect(() => {
myRef?.current?.focus();
});
return (
<div>
<span>UseRef:</span>
<input ref={myRef} type="text"/>
</div>
);
};
export default Page1;
2、存放变量
import React, { useRef, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
const Page1 = () => {
const myRef2 = useRef(0);
const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
useEffect(()=>{
myRef2.current = count;
});
function handleClick(){
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log(count); // 3
console.log(myRef2.current); // 6
},3000)
}
return (
<div>
<div onClick={()=> setCount(count+1)}>点击count</div>
<div onClick={()=> handleClick()}>查看</div>
</div>
);
}
export default Page1;
九、useImperativeHandle
十、useLayoutEffect
总结
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