SpringBoot 参数校验,高级特性,非常实用!
Spring Validation
使用的文章,不过自我感觉还是浮于表面,本次打算彻底搞懂Spring Validation
。Spring Validation
各种场景下的最佳实践及其实现原理,死磕到底!简单使用
Java API
规范 (JSR303
) 定义了Bean
校验的标准validation-api
,但没有提供实现。hibernate validation
是对这个规范的实现,并增加了校验注解如@Email
、@Length
等。Spring Validation
是对hibernate validation
的二次封装,用于支持spring mvc
参数自动校验。接下来,我们以spring-boot
项目为例,介绍Spring Validation
的使用。
引入依赖
spring-boot
版本小于2.3.x
,spring-boot-starter-web
会自动传入hibernate-validator
依赖。如果spring-boot
版本大于2.3.x
,则需要手动引入依赖:<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>
<version>6.0.1.Final</version>
</dependency>
web
服务来说,为防止非法参数对业务造成影响,在Controller
层一定要做参数校验的!大部分情况下,请求参数分为如下两种形式:POST
、PUT
请求,使用requestBody
传递参数;GET
请求,使用requestParam/PathVariable
传递参数。
requestBody
和requestParam/PathVariable
的参数校验实战!requestBody
参数校验
POST
、PUT
请求一般会使用requestBody
传递参数,这种情况下,后端使用** DTO 对象进行接收。只要给 DTO 对象加上@Validated
注解就能实现自动参数校验**。比如,有一个保存User
的接口,要求userName
长度是2-10
,account
和password
字段长度是6-20
。如果校验失败,会抛出MethodArgumentNotValidException
异常,Spring
默认会将其转为400(Bad Request)
请求。Bean
对象。在 DTO
字段上声明约束注解
@Data
public class UserDTO {
private Long userId;
@NotNull
@Length(min = 2, max = 10)
private String userName;
@NotNull
@Length(min = 6, max = 20)
private String account;
@NotNull
@Length(min = 6, max = 20)
private String password;
}
在方法参数上声明校验注解
@PostMapping("/save")
public Result saveUser(@RequestBody @Validated UserDTO userDTO) {
return Result.ok();
}
@Valid
和@Validated
都可以。requestParam/PathVariable
参数校验
GET
请求一般会使用requestParam/PathVariable
传参。如果参数比较多 (比如超过 6 个),还是推荐使用DTO
对象接收。否则,推荐将一个个参数平铺到方法入参中。在这种情况下,**必须在Controller
类上标注@Validated
注解,并在入参上声明约束注解 (如@Min
等)**。如果校验失败,会抛出ConstraintViolationException
异常。代码示例如下:@RequestMapping("/api/user")
@RestController
@Validated
public class UserController {
@GetMapping("{userId}")
public Result detail(@PathVariable("userId") @Min(10000000000000000L) Long userId) {
UserDTO userDTO = new UserDTO();
userDTO.setUserId(userId);
userDTO.setAccount("11111111111111111");
userDTO.setUserName("xixi");
userDTO.setAccount("11111111111111111");
return Result.ok(userDTO);
}
@GetMapping("getByAccount")
public Result getByAccount(@Length(min = 6, max = 20) @NotNull String account) {
UserDTO userDTO = new UserDTO();
userDTO.setUserId(10000000000000003L);
userDTO.setAccount(account);
userDTO.setUserName("xixi");
userDTO.setAccount("11111111111111111");
return Result.ok(userDTO);
}
}
统一异常处理
MethodArgumentNotValidException
或者ConstraintViolationException
异常。在实际项目开发中,通常会用统一异常处理来返回一个更友好的提示。比如我们系统要求无论发送什么异常,http
的状态码必须返回200
,由业务码去区分系统的异常情况。@RestControllerAdvice
public class CommonExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler({MethodArgumentNotValidException.class})
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.OK)
@ResponseBody
public Result handleMethodArgumentNotValidException(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
BindingResult bindingResult = ex.getBindingResult();
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("校验失败:");
for (FieldError fieldError : bindingResult.getFieldErrors()) {
sb.append(fieldError.getField()).append(":").append(fieldError.getDefaultMessage()).append(", ");
}
String msg = sb.toString();
return Result.fail(BusinessCode.参数校验失败, msg);
}
@ExceptionHandler({ConstraintViolationException.class})
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.OK)
@ResponseBody
public Result handleConstraintViolationException(ConstraintViolationException ex) {
return Result.fail(BusinessCode.参数校验失败, ex.getMessage());
}
}
进阶使用
分组校验
DTO
类来接收参数,而不同方法的校验规则很可能是不一样的。这个时候,简单地在DTO
类的字段上加约束注解无法解决这个问题。因此,spring-validation
支持了分组校验的功能,专门用来解决这类问题。还是上面的例子,比如保存User
的时候,UserId
是可空的,但是更新User
的时候,UserId
的值必须>=10000000000000000L
;其它字段的校验规则在两种情况下一样。这个时候使用分组校验的代码示例如下:约束注解上声明适用的分组信息 groups
@Data
public class UserDTO {
@Min(value = 10000000000000000L, groups = Update.class)
private Long userId;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 2, max = 10, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String userName;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 6, max = 20, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String account;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 6, max = 20, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String password;
public interface Save {
}
public interface Update {
}
}
@Validated
注解上指定校验分组
@PostMapping("/save")
public Result saveUser(@RequestBody @Validated(UserDTO.Save.class) UserDTO userDTO) {
return Result.ok();
}
@PostMapping("/update")
public Result updateUser(@RequestBody @Validated(UserDTO.Update.class) UserDTO userDTO) {
return Result.ok();
}
嵌套校验
DTO
类里面的字段都是基本数据类型
和String
类型。但是实际场景中,有可能某个字段也是一个对象,这种情况先,可以使用嵌套校验
。User
信息的时候同时还带有Job
信息。需要注意的是,此时DTO
类的对应字段必须标记@Valid
注解。@Data
public class UserDTO {
@Min(value = 10000000000000000L, groups = Update.class)
private Long userId;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 2, max = 10, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String userName;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 6, max = 20, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String account;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 6, max = 20, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String password;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Valid
private Job job;
@Data
public static class Job {
@Min(value = 1, groups = Update.class)
private Long jobId;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 2, max = 10, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String jobName;
@NotNull(groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
@Length(min = 2, max = 10, groups = {Save.class, Update.class})
private String position;
}
public interface Save {
}
public interface Update {
}
}
嵌套集合校验
会对集合里面的每一项都进行校验,例如List<Job>
字段会对这个list
里面的每一个Job
对象都进行校验。集合校验
json
数组给后台,并希望对数组中的每一项都进行参数校验。此时,如果我们直接使用java.util.Collection
下的list
或者set
来接收数据,参数校验并不会生效!我们可以使用自定义list
集合来接收参数:包装 List
类型,并声明@Valid
注解
public class ValidationList<E> implements List<E> {
@Delegate
@Valid
public List<E> list = new ArrayList<>();
@Override
public String toString() {
return list.toString();
}
}
@Delegate
注解受lombok
版本限制,1.18.6
以上版本可支持。如果校验不通过,会抛出NotReadablePropertyException
,同样可以使用统一异常进行处理。User
对象,Controller
层的方法可以这么写:@PostMapping("/saveList")
public Result saveList(@RequestBody @Validated(UserDTO.Save.class) ValidationList<UserDTO> userList) {
return Result.ok();
}
自定义校验
spring validation
非常简单,假设我们自定义加密id
(由数字或者a-f
的字母组成,32-256
长度)校验,主要分为两步:自定义约束注解
@Target({METHOD, FIELD, ANNOTATION_TYPE, CONSTRUCTOR, PARAMETER})
@Retention(RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Constraint(validatedBy = {EncryptIdValidator.class})
public @interface EncryptId {
String message() default "加密id格式错误";
Class<?>[] groups() default {};
Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};
}
实现 ConstraintValidator
接口编写约束校验器
public class EncryptIdValidator implements ConstraintValidator<EncryptId, String> {
private static final Pattern PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^[a-f\\d]{32,256}$");
@Override
public boolean isValid(String value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
if (value != null) {
Matcher matcher = PATTERN.matcher(value);
return matcher.find();
}
return true;
}
}
@EncryptId
进行参数校验了!编程式校验
注解
来实现自动校验的,在某些情况下,我们可能希望以编程方式
调用验证。这个时候可以注入javax.validation.Validator
对象,然后再调用其api
。@Autowired
private javax.validation.Validator globalValidator;
@PostMapping("/saveWithCodingValidate")
public Result saveWithCodingValidate(@RequestBody UserDTO userDTO) {
Set<ConstraintViolation<UserDTO>> validate = globalValidator.validate(userDTO, UserDTO.Save.class);
if (validate.isEmpty()) {
} else {
for (ConstraintViolation<UserDTO> userDTOConstraintViolation : validate) {
System.out.println(userDTOConstraintViolation);
}
}
return Result.ok();
}
快速失败 (Fail Fast)
Spring Validation
默认会校验完所有字段,然后才抛出异常。可以通过一些简单的配置,开启Fali Fast
模式,一旦校验失败就立即返回。@Bean
public Validator validator() {
ValidatorFactory validatorFactory = Validation.byProvider(HibernateValidator.class)
.configure()
.failFast(true)
.buildValidatorFactory();
return validatorFactory.getValidator();
}
@Valid
和@Validated
区别
实现原理
requestBody
参数校验实现原理
spring-mvc
中,RequestResponseBodyMethodProcessor
是用于解析@RequestBody
标注的参数以及处理@ResponseBody
标注方法的返回值的。显然,执行参数校验的逻辑肯定就在解析参数的方法resolveArgument()
中:public class RequestResponseBodyMethodProcessor extends AbstractMessageConverterMethodProcessor {
@Override
public Object resolveArgument(MethodParameter parameter, @Nullable ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer,
NativeWebRequest webRequest, @Nullable WebDataBinderFactory binderFactory) throws Exception {
parameter = parameter.nestedIfOptional();
Object arg = readWithMessageConverters(webRequest, parameter, parameter.getNestedGenericParameterType());
String name = Conventions.getVariableNameForParameter(parameter);
if (binderFactory != null) {
WebDataBinder binder = binderFactory.createBinder(webRequest, arg, name);
if (arg != null) {
validateIfApplicable(binder, parameter);
if (binder.getBindingResult().hasErrors() && isBindExceptionRequired(binder, parameter)) {
throw new MethodArgumentNotValidException(parameter, binder.getBindingResult());
}
}
if (mavContainer != null) {
mavContainer.addAttribute(BindingResult.MODEL_KEY_PREFIX + name, binder.getBindingResult());
}
}
return adaptArgumentIfNecessary(arg, parameter);
}
}
resolveArgument()
调用了validateIfApplicable()
进行参数校验。protected void validateIfApplicable(WebDataBinder binder, MethodParameter parameter) {
Annotation[] annotations = parameter.getParameterAnnotations();
for (Annotation ann : annotations) {
Validated validatedAnn = AnnotationUtils.getAnnotation(ann, Validated.class);
if (validatedAnn != null || ann.annotationType().getSimpleName().startsWith("Valid")) {
Object hints = (validatedAnn != null ? validatedAnn.value() : AnnotationUtils.getValue(ann));
Object[] validationHints = (hints instanceof Object[] ? (Object[]) hints : new Object[] {hints});
binder.validate(validationHints);
break;
}
}
}
@Validated
、@Valid
两个注解可以混用。我们接下来继续看WebDataBinder.validate()
实现。@Override
public void validate(Object target, Errors errors, Object... validationHints) {
if (this.targetValidator != null) {
processConstraintViolations(
this.targetValidator.validate(target, asValidationGroups(validationHints)), errors);
}
}
Hibernate Validator
进行真正的校验处理。方法级别的参数校验实现原理
约束注解
的校验方式,就是方法级别的参数校验。实际上,这种方式可用于任何Spring Bean
的方法上,比如Controller
/Service
等。其底层实现原理就是AOP
,具体来说是通过MethodValidationPostProcessor
动态注册AOP
切面,然后使用MethodValidationInterceptor
对切点方法织入增强。public class MethodValidationPostProcessor extends AbstractBeanFactoryAwareAdvisingPostProcessorimplements InitializingBean {
@Override
public void afterPropertiesSet() {
Pointcut pointcut = new AnnotationMatchingPointcut(this.validatedAnnotationType, true);
this.advisor = new DefaultPointcutAdvisor(pointcut, createMethodValidationAdvice(this.validator));
}
protected Advice createMethodValidationAdvice(@Nullable Validator validator) {
return (validator != null ? new MethodValidationInterceptor(validator) : new MethodValidationInterceptor());
}
}
MethodValidationInterceptor
:public class MethodValidationInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor {
@Override
public Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
if (isFactoryBeanMetadataMethod(invocation.getMethod())) {
return invocation.proceed();
}
Class<?>[] groups = determineValidationGroups(invocation);
ExecutableValidator execVal = this.validator.forExecutables();
Method methodToValidate = invocation.getMethod();
Set<ConstraintViolation<Object>> result;
try {
result = execVal.validateParameters(
invocation.getThis(), methodToValidate, invocation.getArguments(), groups);
}
catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
...
}
if (!result.isEmpty()) {
throw new ConstraintViolationException(result);
}
Object returnValue = invocation.proceed();
result = execVal.validateReturnValue(invocation.getThis(), methodToValidate, returnValue, groups);
if (!result.isEmpty()) {
throw new ConstraintViolationException(result);
}
return returnValue;
}
}
requestBody参数校验
还是方法级别的校验
,最终都是调用Hibernate Validator
执行校验,Spring Validation
只是做了一层封装。评论