Git rebase使用详解

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2021-01-17 02:25

git rebase能够将分叉的分支重新合并,之前写过一篇文章介绍它的原理,下面主要介绍它的两个使用场景:


场景一:本地与远端同一分支提交历史不一致

方式一

多个人在同一个分支上协作时,出现冲突是很正常的,比如现在有一个项目由我和A一同开发。

我在修复了一个bug以后准备提交

HowiedeiMac:ganlin howie$ git add models/paper.goHowiedeiMac:ganlin howie$ git commit -m 'fix a bug'[master 8b76654] fix a bug 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

现在准备推送到远端

HowiedeiMac:ganlin howie$ git push origin masterTo https://gitee.com/greenhn/ganlin.git ! [rejected]        master -> master (fetch first)error: failed to push some refs to 'https://gitee.com/greenhn/ganlin.git'hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you dohint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushinghint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changeshint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.


push失败了,说明A在我之前已经提交了,我本地master分支的提交历史已经落后远端了,需要先pull一下,与远端同步后才能push

HowiedeiMac:ganlin howie$ git pullremote: Enumerating objects: 14, done.remote: Counting objects: 100% (14/14), done.remote: Compressing objects: 100% (8/8), done.remote: Total 8 (delta 6), reused 0 (delta 0)Unpacking objects: 100% (8/8), done.From https://gitee.com/greenhn/ganlin   a1bc60a..b91f711  master     -> origin/masterMerge made by the 'recursive' strategy. controllers/deal_local_data.go | 14 +++++++++++--- controllers/rtu_interface.go   |  8 ++++---- models/instrument_type.go      |  3 +++ models/rtu_interface.go        |  3 +++ 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

pull成功,现在使用git log看下一提交历史:

HowiedeiMac:ganlin howie$ git log --oneline --graph*   f63ecbf (HEAD -> master) Merge branch 'master' of https://gitee.com/greenhn/ganlin|\  | * b91f711 (origin/master, origin/HEAD) 修正bug,优化内置通道配置* | 8b76654 fix a bug|/  * a1bc60a 完善日报接口* 9f73b5e 增加内置通道设置功能a0d464e ...


竟然分叉了!由于我本地master的提交历史和远端的master分支的提交历史不一致,所以git为我进行了自动合并,然后生成了一个新的提交历史(f63ecbf Merge branch 'master' of

对于部分强迫症来说这个不能接受的,不想看到分叉。

这个时候用git rebase就可以解决

HowiedeiMac:ganlin howie$ git rebaseFirst, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...Applying: fix a bug

现在再查看一下提交历史:

HowiedeiMac:ganlin howie$ git log --oneline --graph* 2e2b995 (HEAD -> master) fix a bug* b91f711 (origin/master, origin/HEAD) 修正bug,优化内置通道配置* a1bc60a 完善日报接口* 9f73b5e 增加内置通道设置功能* a0d464e ...

完美解决,现在再push推送到远端:

HowiedeiMac:ganlin howie$ git push origin masterEnumerating objects: 7, done.Counting objects: 100% (7/7), done.Delta compression using up to 4 threadsCompressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 394 bytes | 394.00 KiB/s, done.Total 4 (delta 3), reused 0 (delta 0)remote: Powered By Gitee.comTo https://gitee.com/greenhn/ganlin.git   b91f711..2e2b995  master -> master

再次查看提交历史

HowiedeiMac:ganlin howie$ git lg --oneline --graph* 2e2b995 (HEAD -> master, origin/master, origin/HEAD) fix a bug* b91f711 修正bug,优化内置通道配置* a1bc60a 完善日报接口* 9f73b5e 增加内置通道设置功能* a0d464e ...

现在远端master,远端head,本地master全部统一,问题解决。

方式二

直接执行:
git pull --rebase
效果与上面是一致的,也是最近才发现,推荐使用

场景二:不同分支之间的合并

由于老板突发奇想,要求开发一个新的功能。

先创建一个分支用于开发新功能:

git checkout -b feature

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git checkout -b featureSwitched to a new branch 'feature'HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git branch* feature  master

接下来修改newFunc.go,增加新的功能,并且保存提交


vim newFunc.gogit add newFunc.gogit commit -m 'add new func'

现在查看一下提交

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git log --oneline --graph* 4f58ab8 (HEAD -> feature) add new func* 94c134b (master) init base
HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git branch* feature master

现在新功能开发完毕,需要将它合并的主分支中。

先尝试通过merge合并:

首先切换到master分支

git checkout master

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git checkout masterSwitched to branch 'master'Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.

直接合并feature分支

git merge feature

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git merge featureAuto-merging newFunc.goCONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in newFunc.goAutomatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

竟然失败了,说明我两个分支之前的版本已经不同步了,需要手动合并冲突,再提交:

先查看冲突文件:git status

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git statusOn branch masterYour branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 7 commits.  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
You have unmerged paths. (fix conflicts and run "git commit") (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)
Unmerged paths: (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
both modified: newFunc.go

打开文件,进行修改

原文件:

func NewFunc() {<<<<<<< HEAD=======    fmt.Println("add new func")>>>>>>> feature}

修改后:

func NewFunc() {    fmt.Println("add new func")}

现在通过add添加,然后commit提交

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git add newFunc.go
HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git commit -m 'merge master and feature'[master 562ec58] merge master and feature

现在在查看一下分支提交历史:

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git log --oneline --graph*   562ec58 (HEAD -> master) merge master and feature|\  | * 4f58ab8 (feature) add new func* | 0e80f97 do something|/  * 94c134b init base

虽然合并成功,但是Master已经保存了合并历史,出现开叉了!对于强迫症患者来说肯定是不能接受的。

通过rebase合并分支:

现在将版本退回到合并前,也就是回退一个版本

git reset --hard head^

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git reset --hard head^HEAD is now at 0e80f97 do something
HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git log --oneline --graph* 0e80f97 (HEAD -> master) do something* 94c134b init base

退回去了,现在是位于master分支的init base提交这里。

先切换回feature分支:

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git checkout featureSwitched to branch 'feature'

在feature分支上执行: git rebase master

这句命令的意识是:以master为基础,将feature分支上的修改增加到master分支上,并生成新的版本。

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git rebase masterFirst, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...Applying: add new funcUsing index info to reconstruct a base tree...M       newFunc.goFalling back to patching base and 3-way merge...Auto-merging newFunc.goCONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in newFunc.goerror: Failed to merge in the changes.Patch failed at 0001 add new funchint: Use 'git am --show-current-patch' to see the failed patch
Resolve all conflicts manually, mark them as resolved with"git add/rm <conflicted_files>", then run "git rebase --continue".You can instead skip this commit: run "git rebase --skip".To abort and get back to the state before "git rebase", run "git rebase --abort".


失败了,原因很简单,两个分支修改个同一个文件,产生了冲突。所以先需要解决冲突:

打开冲突的文件,解决冲突

原文件:

func NewFunc() {<<<<<<< HEAD=======    fmt.Println("add new func")>>>>>>> add new func}

修改后:

func NewFunc() {    fmt.Println("add new func")}

现在通过add添加

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git add newFunc.go

现在是重点,之前的rebase其实只是完成了一半,由于出现冲突而终止,现在冲突解决,可以通过git rebase —continue继续完成之前的rebase操作。

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git rebase --continueApplying: add new func

rebase完成,再查看一下提交历史:

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git log --oneline --graph* b2593e6 (HEAD -> feature) add new func* 0e80f97 (master) do something* 94c134b init base

提交记录已经是一条完美的直线。现在切换到主分支master,将feather分支上的提交合并过来。


git checkout mastergit merge feature
HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 7 commits. (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git merge featureUpdating 0e80f97..b2593e6Fast-forward newFunc.go | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

再次查看一下提交历史:

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git log --oneline --graph* b2593e6 (HEAD -> master, feature) add new func* 0e80f97 do something* 94c134b init base

问题解决,master上也是一条直线了。

最后收个尾,删除掉feature分支:

HowiedeiMac:hello howie$ git branch -d featureDeleted branch feature (was b2593e6).

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