Python code smells 实例讲解
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很多时候一段代码符合基本逻辑,能够正常运行,并不代表它是不“丑”的。代码中可能会存在诸如可读性差、结构混乱、重复代码太多、不够健壮等问题。
示例代码
"""
Very advanced Employee management system.
"""
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List
# The fixed number of vacation days that can be paid out.
FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT = 5
@dataclass
class Employee:
"""Basic representation of an employee at the company"""
name: str
role: str
vacation_days: int = 25
def take_a_holiday(self, payout: bool) -> None:
"""Let the employee take a single holiday, or pay out 5 holidays."""
if payout:
if self.vacation_days < FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT:
raise ValueError(
f"You don't have enough holidays left over for a payout. \
Remaining holidays: {self.vacation_days}"
)
try:
self.vacation_days -= FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT
print(
f"Paying out a holiday. Holidays left: {self.vacation_days}")
except Exception:
pass
else:
if self.vacation_days < 1:
raise ValueError(
"You don't have any holidays left. Now back to work, you!"
)
self.vacation_days -= 1
print("Have fun on your holiday. Don't forget to check your emails!")
@dataclass
class HourlyEmployee(Employee):
""" Employee that's paid based on number of worked hours."""
hourly_rate: float = 50
amount: int = 10
@dataclass
class SalariedEmployee(Employee):
"""Employee that's paid based on a fixed monthly salary."""
monthly_salary: float = 5000
class Company:
"""Represents a company with employees."""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.employees: List[Employee] = []
def add_employee(self, employee: Employee) -> None:
self.employees.append(employee)
def find_managers(self) -> List[Employee]:
managers = []
for employee in self.employees:
if employee.role == "manager":
managers.append(employee)
return managers
def find_vice_presidents(self) -> List[Employee]:
vice_presidents = []
for employee in self.employees:
if employee.role == "president":
vice_presidents.append(employee)
return vice_presidents
def find_interns(self) -> List[Employee]:
interns = []
for employee in self.employees:
if employee.role == "intern":
interns.append(employee)
return interns
def pay_employee(self, employee: Employee) -> None:
if isinstance(employee, SalariedEmployee):
print(
f"Paying employee {employee.name} a monthly salary of ${employee.monthly_salary}"
)
elif isinstance(employee, HourlyEmployee):
print(
f"Paying employee {employee.name} a hourly rate of \
${employee.hourly_rate} for {employee.amount} hours."
)
def main() -> None:
company = Company()
company.add_employee(SalariedEmployee(name="Louis", role="manager"))
company.add_employee(HourlyEmployee(name="Brenda", role="president"))
company.add_employee(HourlyEmployee(name="Tim", role="intern"))
print(company.find_vice_presidents())
print(company.find_managers())
print(company.find_interns())
company.pay_employee(company.employees[0])
company.employees[0].take_a_holiday(False)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
上述代码实现了一个简单的“员工管理系统”。
Employee 类代表公司里的员工,有姓名、角色、假期等属性。可以请假( take_a_holiday
),或者单独请一天,或者以 5 天为单位将假期兑换为报酬HourlyEmployee 和 MonthlyEmployee 分别代表以时薪或者月薪来计算工资的员工 Company 类代表公司,可以招收员工( add_employee
)、返回特定角色的员工列表(如find_managers
)、发放薪资等(pay_employee
)
code smells
上面的代码中存在着很多可以改进的地方。
用 Enum 类型替代 str 作为员工的 role 属性
上面的 Employee
类使用了 str
类型来存储 role
属性的值,比如用 "manager"
代表经理,用 "intern"
代表实习生。
company.add_employee(SalariedEmployee(name="Louis", role="manager"))
company.add_employee(HourlyEmployee(name="Brenda", role="president"))
company.add_employee(HourlyEmployee(name="Tim", role="intern"))
实际上 String 过于灵活,可以拥有任何含义,用来表示角色属性时不具有足够清晰的指向性。不同的拼写规则和大小写习惯都会导致出现错误的指向,比如 "Manager"
和 "manager"
,"vice-president"
和 "vice_president"
。可以使用 Enum 替代 str。
from enum import Enum, auto
class Role(Enum):
"""Employee roles."""
PRESIDENT = auto()
VICEPRESIDENT = auto()
MANAGER = auto()
LEAD = auto()
WORKER = auto()
INTERN = auto()
修改 Employee
类中 role
属性的定义:
@dataclass
class Employee:
name: str
role: Role
vacation_days: int = 25
Company
类中 find_managers
等方法也做相应的修改:
def find_managers(self) -> List[Employee]:
managers = []
for employee in self.employees:
if employee.role == Role.MANAGER:
managers.append(employee)
return managers
main
方法中使用新的 role 创建员工对象:
company.add_employee(SalariedEmployee(name="Louis", role=Role.MANAGER))
company.add_employee(HourlyEmployee(name="Brenda", role=Role.VICEPRESIDENT))
company.add_employee(HourlyEmployee(name="Tim", role=Role.INTERN))
消除重复代码
Company
类中有一个功能是返回特定角色的员工列表,即 find_managers
、find_vice_presidents
、find_interns
三个方法。
这三个方法实际上有着同样的逻辑,却分散在了三个不同的函数里。可以合并成一个方法来消除重复代码。
def find_employees(self, role: Role) -> List[Employee]:
"""Find all employees with a particular role."""
employees = []
for employee in self.employees:
if employee.role == role:
employees.append(employee)
return employees
同时将 main
函数中的 find_managers
、find_vice_presidents
、find_interns
都改为如下形式:
print(company.find_employees(Role.VICEPRESIDENT))
print(company.find_employees(Role.MANAGER))
print(company.find_employees(Role.INTERN))
尽量使用内置函数
上面版本中的 find_employees
方法,包含了一个 for
循环。实际上该部分逻辑可以使用 Python 内置的列表推导来实现。
合理的使用 Python 内置函数可以使代码更短、更直观,同时内置函数针对很多场景在性能上也做了一定的优化。
def find_employees(self, role: Role) -> List[Employee]:
"""Find all employees with a particular role."""
return [employee for employee in self.employees if employee.role is role]
更清晰明确的变量名
旧版本:
@dataclass
class HourlyEmployee(Employee):
""" Employee that's paid based on number of worked hours."""
hourly_rate: float = 50
amount: int = 10
新版本:
@dataclass
class HourlyEmployee(Employee):
""" Employee that's paid based on number of worked hours."""
hourly_rate_dollars: float = 50
hours_worked: int = 10
isinstance
当你在代码的任何地方看到 isinstance
这个函数时,都需要特别地加以关注。它意味着代码中有可能存在某些有待提升的设计。
比如代码中的 pay_employee
函数:
def pay_employee(self, employee: Employee) -> None:
if isinstance(employee, SalariedEmployee):
print(
f"Paying employee {employee.name} a monthly salary of ${employee.monthly_salary}"
)
elif isinstance(employee, HourlyEmployee):
print(
f"Paying employee {employee.name} a hourly rate of \
${employee.hourly_rate_dollars} for {employee.hours_worked} hours."
)
这里 isinstance
的使用,实际上在 pay_employee
函数中引入了对 Employee
的子类的依赖。这种依赖导致各部分代码之间的职责划分不够清晰,耦合性变强。
pay_employee
方法需要与 Employee
的子类的具体实现保持同步。每新增一个新的员工类型(Employee
的子类),此方法中的 if-else
也就必须再新增一个分支。即需要同时改动不同位置的两部分代码。
可以将 pay_employee
的实现从 Company
类转移到具体的 Employee
子类中。即特定类型的员工拥有对应的报酬支付方法,公司在发薪时只需要调用对应员工的 pay
方法,无需实现自己的pay_employee
方法。由 isinstance
引入的依赖关系从而被移除。
@dataclass
class HourlyEmployee(Employee):
""" Employee that's paid based on number of worked hours."""
hourly_rate_dollars: float = 50
hours_worked: int = 10
def pay(self):
print(
f"Paying employee {self.name} a hourly rate of \
${self.hourly_rate_dollars} for {self.hours_worked} hours."
)
@dataclass
class SalariedEmployee(Employee):
"""Employee that's paid based on a fixed monthly salary."""
monthly_salary: float = 5000
def pay(self):
print(
f"Paying employee {self.name} a monthly salary of ${self.monthly_salary}"
)
再把 main
函数中的 company.pay_employee(company.employees[0])
改为 company.employees[0].pay()
。
由于每一个特定的 Employee
子类都需要实现 pay
方法,更好的方式是将 Employee
实现为虚拟基类,pay
成为子类必须实现的虚拟方法。
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Employee(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def pay() -> None:
"""Method to call when paying an employee"""
Bool flag
Employee
类中的 take_a_holiday
方法有一个名为 payout
的参数。它是布尔类型,作为一个开关,来决定某个员工是请一天假,还是以 5 天为单位将假期兑换为报酬。
这个开关实际上导致了 take_a_holiday
方法包含了两种不同的职责,只通过一个布尔值来决定具体执行哪一个。
函数原本的目的就是职责的分离。使得同一个代码块中不会包含过多不同类型的任务。
因此 take_a_holiday
方法最好分割成两个不同的方法,分别应对不同的休假方式。
class Employee(ABC):
def take_a_holiday(self) -> None:
"""Let the employee take a single holiday."""
if self.vacation_days < 1:
raise ValueError(
"You don't have any holidays left. Now back to work, you!"
)
self.vacation_days -= 1
print("Have fun on your holiday. Don't forget to check your emails!")
def payout_a_holiday(self) -> None:
"""Let the employee get paid for unused holidays."""
if self.vacation_days < FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT:
raise ValueError(
f"You don't have enough holidays left over for a payout. \
Remaining holidays: {self.vacation_days}"
)
try:
self.vacation_days -= FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT
print(
f"Paying out a holiday. Holidays left: {self.vacation_days}")
except Exception:
pass
Exceptions
payout_a_holiday
方法中有一步 try-except
代码。但该部分代码实际上对 Exception 没有做任何事。对于 Exception 而言:
如果需要 catch Exception,就 catch 特定类型的某个 Exception,并对其进行处理;如果不会对该 Exception 做任何处理,就不要 catch 它。
在此处使用 try-except
会阻止异常向外抛出,导致外部代码在调用 payout_a_holiday
时获取不到异常信息。此外,使用 Exception
而不是某个特定类型的异常,会导致所有的异常信息都被屏蔽掉,包括语法错误、键盘中断等。
因此,去掉上述代码中的 try-except
。
使用自定义 Exception 替代 ValueError
ValueError
是 Python 内置的在内部出现值错误时抛出的异常,并不适合用在自定义的场景中。最好在代码中定义自己的异常类型。
class VacationDaysShortageError(Exception):
"""Custom error that is raised when not enough vacation days available."""
def __init__(self, requested_days: int, remaining_days: int, message: str) -> None:
self.requested_days = requested_days
self.remaining_days = remaining_days
self.message = message
super().__init__(message)
def payout_a_holiday(self) -> None:
"""Let the employee get paid for unused holidays."""
if self.vacation_days < FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT:
raise VacationDaysShortageError(
requested_days=FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT,
remaining_days=self.vacation_days,
message="You don't have enough holidays left over for a payout.")
self.vacation_days -= FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT
print(f"Paying out a holiday. Holidays left: {self.vacation_days}")
最终版本
"""
Very advanced Employee management system.
"""
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List
from enum import Enum, auto
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
# The fixed number of vacation days that can be paid out.
FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT = 5
class VacationDaysShortageError(Exception):
"""Custom error that is raised when not enough vacation days available."""
def __init__(self, requested_days: int, remaining_days: int, message: str) -> None:
self.requested_days = requested_days
self.remaining_days = remaining_days
self.message = message
super().__init__(message)
class Role(Enum):
"""Employee roles."""
PRESIDENT = auto()
VICEPRESIDENT = auto()
MANAGER = auto()
LEAD = auto()
WORKER = auto()
INTERN = auto()
@dataclass
class Employee(ABC):
"""Basic representation of an employee at the company"""
name: str
role: Role
vacation_days: int = 25
def take_a_holiday(self) -> None:
"""Let the employee take a single holiday."""
if self.vacation_days < 1:
raise VacationDaysShortageError(
requested_days=1,
remaining_days=self.vacation_days,
message="You don't have any holidays left. Now back to work, you!")
self.vacation_days -= 1
print("Have fun on your holiday. Don't forget to check your emails!")
def payout_a_holiday(self) -> None:
"""Let the employee get paid for unused holidays."""
if self.vacation_days < FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT:
raise VacationDaysShortageError(
requested_days=FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT,
remaining_days=self.vacation_days,
message="You don't have enough holidays left over for a payout."
)
self.vacation_days -= FIXED_VACATION_DAYS_PAYOUT
print(f"Paying out a holiday. Holidays left: {self.vacation_days}")
@abstractmethod
def pay() -> None:
"""Method to call when paying an employee"""
@dataclass
class HourlyEmployee(Employee):
""" Employee that's paid based on number of worked hours."""
hourly_rate_dollars: float = 50
hours_worked: int = 10
def pay(self):
print(
f"Paying employee {self.name} a hourly rate of \
${self.hourly_rate_dollars} for {self.hours_worked} hours."
)
@dataclass
class SalariedEmployee(Employee):
"""Employee that's paid based on a fixed monthly salary."""
monthly_salary: float = 5000
def pay(self):
print(
f"Paying employee {self.name} a monthly salary of ${self.monthly_salary}"
)
class Company:
"""Represents a company with employees."""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.employees: List[Employee] = []
def add_employee(self, employee: Employee) -> None:
self.employees.append(employee)
def find_employees(self, role: Role) -> List[Employee]:
"""Find all employees with a particular role."""
return [employee for employee in self.employees if employee.role is role]
def main() -> None:
company = Company()
company.add_employee(SalariedEmployee(name="Louis", role=Role.MANAGER))
company.add_employee(HourlyEmployee(
name="Brenda", role=Role.VICEPRESIDENT))
company.add_employee(HourlyEmployee(name="Tim", role=Role.INTERN))
print(company.find_employees(Role.VICEPRESIDENT))
print(company.find_employees(Role.MANAGER))
print(company.find_employees(Role.INTERN))
company.employees[0].pay()
company.employees[0].take_a_holiday()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
参考资料
7 Python Code Smells: Olfactory Offenses To Avoid At All Costs
来源:
https://www.starky.ltd/2021/12/06/7-python-code-smells-by-practical-example/