ECMAScript 6 入门教程—Symbol
作者 | 阮一峰
1、概述
Symbol的原因。Symbol，表示独一无二的值。它是 JavaScript 语言的第七种数据类型，前六种是：undefined、null、布尔值（Boolean）、字符串（String）、数值（Number）、对象（Object）。Symbol函数生成。这就是说，对象的属性名现在可以有两种类型，一种是原来就有的字符串，另一种就是新增的 Symbol 类型。凡是属性名属于 Symbol 类型，就都是独一无二的，可以保证不会与其他属性名产生冲突。let s = Symbol();
typeof s
// "symbol"
s就是一个独一无二的值。typeof运算符的结果，表明变量s是 Symbol 数据类型，而不是字符串之类的其他类型。Symbol函数前不能使用new命令，否则会报错。这是因为生成的 Symbol 是一个原始类型的值，不是对象。也就是说，由于 Symbol 值不是对象，所以不能添加属性。基本上，它是一种类似于字符串的数据类型。Symbol函数可以接受一个字符串作为参数，表示对 Symbol 实例的描述，主要是为了在控制台显示，或者转为字符串时，比较容易区分。let s1 = Symbol('foo');
let s2 = Symbol('bar');
s1 // Symbol(foo)
s2 // Symbol(bar)
s1.toString() // "Symbol(foo)"
s2.toString() // "Symbol(bar)"
const obj = {
toString() {
return 'abc';
}
};
const sym = Symbol(obj);
sym // Symbol(abc)
// 没有参数的情况
let s1 = Symbol();
let s2 = Symbol();
s1 === s2 // false
// 有参数的情况
let s1 = Symbol('foo');
let s2 = Symbol('foo');
s1 === s2 // false
let sym = Symbol('My symbol');
"your symbol is " + sym
// TypeError: can't convert symbol to string
`your symbol is ${sym}`
// TypeError: can't convert symbol to string
let sym = Symbol('My symbol');
String(sym) // 'Symbol(My symbol)'
sym.toString() // 'Symbol(My symbol)'
let sym = Symbol();
Boolean(sym) // true
!sym // false
if (sym) {
// ...
}
Number(sym) // TypeError
sym + 2 // TypeError
2、Symbol.prototype.description
const sym = Symbol('foo');
const sym = Symbol('foo');
String(sym) // "Symbol(foo)"
sym.toString() // "Symbol(foo)"
const sym = Symbol('foo');
sym.description // "foo"
3、作为属性名的 Symbol
let mySymbol = Symbol();
// 第一种写法
let a = {};
a[mySymbol] = 'Hello!';
// 第二种写法
let a = {
[mySymbol]: 'Hello!'
};
// 第三种写法
let a = {};
Object.defineProperty(a, mySymbol, { value: 'Hello!' });
// 以上写法都得到同样结果
a[mySymbol] // "Hello!"
const mySymbol = Symbol();
const a = {};
a.mySymbol = 'Hello!';
a[mySymbol] // undefined
a['mySymbol'] // "Hello!"
let s = Symbol();
let obj = {
[s]: function (arg) { ... }
};
obj[s](123);
let obj = {
[s](arg) { ... }
};
const log = {};
log.levels = {
DEBUG: Symbol('debug'),
INFO: Symbol('info'),
WARN: Symbol('warn')
};
console.log(log.levels.DEBUG, 'debug message');
console.log(log.levels.INFO, 'info message');
const COLOR_RED = Symbol();
const COLOR_GREEN = Symbol();
function getComplement(color) {
switch (color) {
case COLOR_RED:
return COLOR_GREEN;
case COLOR_GREEN:
return COLOR_RED;
default:
throw new Error('Undefined color');
}
}
4、实例：消除魔术字符串
function getArea(shape, options) {
let area = 0;
switch (shape) {
case 'Triangle': // 魔术字符串
area = .5 * options.width * options.height;
break;
/* ... more code ... */
}
return area;
}
getArea('Triangle', { width: 100, height: 100 }); // 魔术字符串
const shapeType = {
triangle: 'Triangle'
};
function getArea(shape, options) {
let area = 0;
switch (shape) {
case shapeType.triangle:
area = .5 * options.width * options.height;
break;
}
return area;
}
getArea(shapeType.triangle, { width: 100, height: 100 });
const shapeType = {
triangle: Symbol()
};
5、属性名的遍历
const obj = {};
let a = Symbol('a');
let b = Symbol('b');
obj[a] = 'Hello';
obj[b] = 'World';
const objectSymbols = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(obj);
objectSymbols
// [Symbol(a), Symbol(b)]
const obj = {};
const foo = Symbol('foo');
obj[foo] = 'bar';
for (let i in obj) {
console.log(i); // 无输出
}
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj) // []
Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(obj) // [Symbol(foo)]
let obj = {
[Symbol('my_key')]: 1,
enum: 2,
nonEnum: 3
};
Reflect.ownKeys(obj)
// ["enum", "nonEnum", Symbol(my_key)]
let size = Symbol('size');
class Collection {
constructor() {
this[size] = 0;
}
add(item) {
this[this[size]] = item;
this[size]++;
}
static sizeOf(instance) {
return instance[size];
}
}
let x = new Collection();
Collection.sizeOf(x) // 0
x.add('foo');
Collection.sizeOf(x) // 1
Object.keys(x) // ['0']
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(x) // ['0']
Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(x) // [Symbol(size)]
6、Symbol.for()，Symbol.keyFor()
let s1 = Symbol.for('foo');
let s2 = Symbol.for('foo');
s1 === s2 // true
Symbol.for("bar") === Symbol.for("bar")
// true
Symbol("bar") === Symbol("bar")
// false
let s1 = Symbol.for("foo");
Symbol.keyFor(s1) // "foo"
let s2 = Symbol("foo");
Symbol.keyFor(s2) // undefined
function foo() {
return Symbol.for('bar');
}
const x = foo();
const y = Symbol.for('bar');
console.log(x === y); // true
iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
iframe.src = String(window.location);
document.body.appendChild(iframe);
iframe.contentWindow.Symbol.for('foo') === Symbol.for('foo')
// true
7、实例：模块的 Singleton 模式
// mod.js
function A() {
this.foo = 'hello';
}
if (!global._foo) {
global._foo = new A();
}
module.exports = global._foo;
const a = require('./mod.js');
console.log(a.foo);
global._foo = { foo: 'world' };
const a = require('./mod.js');
console.log(a.foo);
// mod.js
const FOO_KEY = Symbol.for('foo');
function A() {
this.foo = 'hello';
}
if (!global[FOO_KEY]) {
global[FOO_KEY] = new A();
}
module.exports = global[FOO_KEY];
global[Symbol.for('foo')] = { foo: 'world' };
const a = require('./mod.js');
// mod.js
const FOO_KEY = Symbol('foo');
// 后面代码相同 ……
8、内置的 Symbol 值
Symbol.hasInstance
class MyClass {
[Symbol.hasInstance](foo) {
return foo instanceof Array;
}
}
[1, 2, 3] instanceof new MyClass() // true
class Even {
static [Symbol.hasInstance](obj) {
return Number(obj) % 2 === 0;
}
}
// 等同于
const Even = {
[Symbol.hasInstance](obj) {
return Number(obj) % 2 === 0;
}
};
1 instanceof Even // false
2 instanceof Even // true
12345 instanceof Even // false
Symbol.isConcatSpreadable
let arr1 = ['c', 'd'];
['a', 'b'].concat(arr1, 'e') // ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
arr1[Symbol.isConcatSpreadable] // undefined
let arr2 = ['c', 'd'];
arr2[Symbol.isConcatSpreadable] = false;
['a', 'b'].concat(arr2, 'e') // ['a', 'b', ['c','d'], 'e']
let obj = {length: 2, 0: 'c', 1: 'd'};
['a', 'b'].concat(obj, 'e') // ['a', 'b', obj, 'e']
obj[Symbol.isConcatSpreadable] = true;
['a', 'b'].concat(obj, 'e') // ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
class A1 extends Array {
constructor(args) {
super(args);
this[Symbol.isConcatSpreadable] = true;
}
}
class A2 extends Array {
constructor(args) {
super(args);
}
get [Symbol.isConcatSpreadable] () {
return false;
}
}
let a1 = new A1();
a1[0] = 3;
a1[1] = 4;
let a2 = new A2();
a2[0] = 5;
a2[1] = 6;
[1, 2].concat(a1).concat(a2)
// [1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6]]
Symbol.species
class MyArray extends Array {
}
const a = new MyArray(1, 2, 3);
const b = a.map(x => x);
const c = a.filter(x => x > 1);
b instanceof MyArray // true
c instanceof MyArray // true
class MyArray extends Array {
static get [Symbol.species]() { return Array; }
}
static get [Symbol.species]() {
return this;
}
class MyArray extends Array {
static get [Symbol.species]() { return Array; }
}
const a = new MyArray();
const b = a.map(x => x);
b instanceof MyArray // false
b instanceof Array // true
class T1 extends Promise {
}
class T2 extends Promise {
static get [Symbol.species]() {
return Promise;
}
}
new T1(r => r()).then(v => v) instanceof T1 // true
new T2(r => r()).then(v => v) instanceof T2 // false
Symbol.match
String.prototype.match(regexp)
// 等同于
regexp[Symbol.match](this)
class MyMatcher {
[Symbol.match](string) {
return 'hello world'.indexOf(string);
}
}
'e'.match(new MyMatcher()) // 1
Symbol.replace
String.prototype.replace(searchValue, replaceValue)
// 等同于
searchValue[Symbol.replace](this, replaceValue)
const x = {};
x[Symbol.replace] = (...s) => console.log(s);
'Hello'.replace(x, 'World') // ["Hello", "World"]
Symbol.search
String.prototype.search(regexp)
// 等同于
regexp[Symbol.search](this)
class MySearch {
constructor(value) {
this.value = value;
}
[Symbol.search](string) {
return string.indexOf(this.value);
}
}
'foobar'.search(new MySearch('foo')) // 0
Symbol.split
String.prototype.split(separator, limit)
// 等同于
separator[Symbol.split](this, limit)
class MySplitter {
constructor(value) {
this.value = value;
}
[Symbol.split](string) {
let index = string.indexOf(this.value);
if (index === -1) {
return string;
}
return [
string.substr(0, index),
string.substr(index + this.value.length)
];
}
}
'foobar'.split(new MySplitter('foo'))
// ['', 'bar']
'foobar'.split(new MySplitter('bar'))
// ['foo', '']
'foobar'.split(new MySplitter('baz'))
// 'foobar'
Symbol.iterator
const myIterable = {};
myIterable[Symbol.iterator] = function* () {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
};
[...myIterable] // [1, 2, 3]
class Collection {
*[Symbol.iterator]() {
let i = 0;
while(this[i] !== undefined) {
yield this[i];
++i;
}
}
}
let myCollection = new Collection();
myCollection[0] = 1;
myCollection[1] = 2;
for(let value of myCollection) {
console.log(value);
}
// 1
// 2
Symbol.toPrimitive
Number：该场合需要转成数值
String：该场合需要转成字符串
Default：该场合可以转成数值，也可以转成字符串
let obj = {
[Symbol.toPrimitive](hint) {
switch (hint) {
case 'number':
return 123;
case 'string':
return 'str';
case 'default':
return 'default';
default:
throw new Error();
}
}
};
2 * obj // 246
3 + obj // '3default'
obj == 'default' // true
String(obj) // 'str'
Symbol.toStringTag
// 例一
({[Symbol.toStringTag]: 'Foo'}.toString())
// "[object Foo]"
// 例二
class Collection {
get [Symbol.toStringTag]() {
return 'xxx';
}
}
let x = new Collection();
Object.prototype.toString.call(x) // "[object xxx]"
JSON[Symbol.toStringTag]：'JSON'
Math[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Math'
Module 对象M[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Module'
ArrayBuffer.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'ArrayBuffer'
DataView.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'DataView'
Map.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Map'
Promise.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Promise'
Set.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Set'
%TypedArray%.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Uint8Array'等
WeakMap.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'WeakMap'
WeakSet.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'WeakSet'
%MapIteratorPrototype%[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Map Iterator'
%SetIteratorPrototype%[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Set Iterator'
%StringIteratorPrototype%[Symbol.toStringTag]：'String Iterator'
Symbol.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Symbol'
Generator.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'Generator'
GeneratorFunction.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag]：'GeneratorFunction'
Symbol.unscopables
Array.prototype[Symbol.unscopables]
// {
// copyWithin: true,
// entries: true,
// fill: true,
// find: true,
// findIndex: true,
// includes: true,
// keys: true
// }
Object.keys(Array.prototype[Symbol.unscopables])
// ['copyWithin', 'entries', 'fill', 'find', 'findIndex', 'includes', 'keys']
// 没有 unscopables 时
class MyClass {
foo() { return 1; }
}
var foo = function () { return 2; };
with (MyClass.prototype) {
foo(); // 1
}
// 有 unscopables 时
class MyClass {
foo() { return 1; }
get [Symbol.unscopables]() {
return { foo: true };
}
}
var foo = function () { return 2; };
with (MyClass.prototype) {
foo(); // 2
}
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