执行update语句,用没用到索引,区别大吗?
前言:
我们都知道,当执行 select 查询语句时,用没用到索引区别是很大的,若没用到索引,一条 select 语句可能执行好几秒或更久,若使用到索引则可能瞬间完成。那么当执行 update 语句时,用没用到索引有什么区别呢,执行时间相差大吗?本篇文章我们一起来探究下。
1. update SQL 测试
为了对比出差距,这里笔者创建两张一样数据的大表,一张有普通索引,一张无普通索引,我们来对比下二者的差别。
# tb_noidx 表无普通索引
mysql> show create table tb_noidx\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: tb_noidx
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tb_noidx` (
`increment_id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '自增主键',
`col1` char(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段1',
`col2` char(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段2',
...
`del` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '是否删除',
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3696887 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='无索引表'
mysql> select count(*) from tb_noidx;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 3590105 |
+----------+
mysql> select concat(round(sum(data_length/1024/1024),2),'MB') as data_length_MB, concat(round(sum(index_length/1024/1024),2),'MB') as index_length_MB
-> from information_schema.tables where table_schema='testdb' and table_name = 'tb_noidx';
+----------------+-----------------+
| data_length_MB | index_length_MB |
+----------------+-----------------+
| 841.98MB | 0.00MB |
+----------------+-----------------+
# tb_withidx 表有普通索引
mysql> show create table tb_withidx\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: tb_withidx
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tb_withidx` (
`increment_id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '自增主键',
`col1` char(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段1',
`col2` char(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段2',
...
`del` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '是否删除',
PRIMARY KEY (`increment_id`),
KEY `idx_col1` (`col1`),
KEY `idx_del` (`del`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3696887 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='有索引表'
mysql> select count(*) from tb_withidx;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 3590105 |
+----------+
mysql> select concat(round(sum(data_length/1024/1024),2),'MB') as data_length_MB, concat(round(sum(index_length/1024/1024),2),'MB') as index_length_MB
-> from information_schema.tables where table_schema='testdb' and table_name = 'tb_withidx';
+----------------+-----------------+
| data_length_MB | index_length_MB |
+----------------+-----------------+
| 841.98MB | 210.50MB |
+----------------+-----------------+
这里说明下,tb_noidx 和 tb_withidx 两张表数据完全相同,表大概有 360W 条数据,约占用 840M 空间。其中 col1 字段区分度较高,del 字段区分度很低,下面我们分别以这两个字段为筛选条件来执行 update 语句:
# 以 col1 字段为筛选条件 来更新 col2 字段
mysql> explain update tb_withidx set col2 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52' where col1 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52';
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_withidx | NULL | range | idx_col1 | idx_col1 | 96 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_withidx set col2 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52' where col1 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> explain update tb_noidx set col2 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52' where col1 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52';
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_noidx | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3557131 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_noidx set col2 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52' where col1 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52';
Query OK, 1 row affected (13.29 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
# 以 col1 字段为筛选条件 来更新 col1 字段
mysql> explain update tb_withidx set col1 = 'col1aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b' where col1 = '95aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b';
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_withidx | NULL | range | idx_col1 | idx_col1 | 96 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using temporary |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> update tb_withidx set col1 = 'col1aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b' where col1 = '95aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b';
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> explain update tb_noidx set col1 = 'col1aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b' where col1 = '95aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b';
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_noidx | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3557131 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> update tb_noidx set col1 = 'col1aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b' where col1 = '95aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b';
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (13.15 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
# 以 del 字段为筛选条件 来更新 col2 字段
# del为0的大概203W条 del为1的大概155W条
mysql> select del,count(*) from tb_withidx GROUP BY del;
+-----+----------+
| del | count(*) |
+-----+----------+
| 0 | 2033080 |
| 1 | 1557025 |
+-----+----------+
mysql> explain update tb_withidx set col2 = 'col24c0f07449c68af42886465b76' where del = 0;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_withidx | NULL | index | idx_del | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3436842 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_withidx set col2 = 'col24c0f07449c68af42886465b76' where del = 0;
Query OK, 2033080 rows affected (47.15 sec)
Rows matched: 2033080 Changed: 2033080 Warnings: 0
mysql> explain update tb_noidx set col2 = 'col24c0f07449c68af42886465b76' where del = 0;
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_noidx | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3296548 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_noidx set col2 = 'col24c0f07449c68af42886465b76' where del = 0;
Query OK, 2033080 rows affected (49.79 sec)
Rows matched: 2033080 Changed: 2033080 Warnings: 0
# 以 del 字段为筛选条件 来更新 del 字段
mysql> explain update tb_withidx set del = 2 where del = 0;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_withidx | NULL | index | idx_del | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3436842 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
mysql> update tb_withidx set del = 2 where del = 0;
Query OK, 2033080 rows affected (2 min 34.96 sec)
Rows matched: 2033080 Changed: 2033080 Warnings: 0
mysql> explain update tb_noidx set del = 2 where del = 0;
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_noidx | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3296548 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_noidx set del = 2 where del = 0;
Query OK, 2033080 rows affected (50.57 sec)
Rows matched: 2033080 Changed: 2033080 Warnings: 0
从以上实验大致可以看出,是否用到索引,对于 update 语句执行速度影响还是很大的,具体表现如下:
若在区分度较高的字段上添加索引,并以该字段为筛选条件进行更新,则无论是更新该字段还是其他字段,用到索引的更新都要快好多。
若在区分度很低的字段上添加索引,并以该字段为筛选条件进行更新,当更新其他字段时,有无索引区别不大,当更新这个区分度很低的字段时,用到索引的更新反而更慢。
2.一些经验总结
我们试着来解释下以上实验结果,首先来看下 update SQL 执行流程,大致如下:
首先客户端发送请求到服务端,建立连接。
服务端先看下查询缓存,对于更新某张表的 SQL ,该表的所有查询缓存都失效。
接着来到解析器,进行语法分析,一些系统关键字校验,校验语法是否合规。
然后优化器进行 SQL 优化,比如怎么选择索引之类,然后生成执行计划。
执行器去存储引擎查询需要更新的数据。
存储引擎判断当前缓冲池中是否存在需要更新的数据,存在就直接返回,否则去从磁盘加载数据。
执行器调用存储引擎 API 去更新数据。
存储器更新数据,同时写入 undo log 、redo log 信息。
执行器写 binlog ,提交事务,流程结束。
也就是说,执行更新语句首先需要将被更新的记录查询出来,这也就不难理解为啥以区分度较高的字段为筛选条件进行更新,有索引的情况下执行更快。
对于区分度很低的字段,用没用到索引则区别不大,原因是查询出将被更新的记录所需时间差别不大,需要扫描的行数差别不大。当更新区分度很低的字段的字段时,因为要维护索引 b+ 树,所以会拖慢更新速度。
之前也有讲过,虽然索引能加速查询,但索引也是有缺点的,那就是索引需要动态的维护,当对表中的数据进行增加、删除、修改时,会降低数据的维护速度。本次实验结果也能论证这个结论。
通过本次实验,我们也能得到一些索引相关经验:
只为用于搜索、排序、分组、连接的列创建索引。
索引尽量建在区分度高的字段上,避免在区分度低的字段上建索引。
对经常更新的表避免创建过多的索引。
不要有冗余索引,会增加维护成本。
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