英文 | https://levelup.gitconnected.com/top-5-javascript-es12-features-you-should-start-using-now-b16a8b5353b1

翻译 | 杨小爱

• 数字分隔符

• String.prototype.replaceAll

• Promise.any() 和 AggregateError

• 逻辑赋值运算符

• 私有类方法和访问器

// Decimal integer literal with digits grouped by thousand.let n1 = 1_000_000_000;console.log(n1); // This will print: 1000000000
// Decimal literal with digits grouped by thousand.let n2 = 1_000_000_000.150_200console.log(n2); // This will print: 1000000000.1502
// Hexadecimal integer literal with digits grouped by byte.let n3 = 0x95_65_98_FA_A9console.log(n3); // This will print: 641654651561
// BigInt literal with digits grouped by thousand.let n4 = 155_326_458_156_248_168_514nconsole.log(n4); // This will print: 155326458156248168514n

2、String.prototype.replaceAll

String 原型上的 replaceAll() 函数允许替换子字符串的所有实例，而无需使用正则表达式。如果在字符串上使用了 thereplace()，它只会替换该值的第一个实例。

另一方面，replaceAll() 提供替换该值的所有实例的功能。请参阅以下代码片段以了解如何使用 replaceAll()。

// Declare a variable and store some value.const orgStr = 'JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. JavaScript is high-level, often just-in-time compiled and multi-paradigm.';
// To replace single instance, use replace().let newStr = orgStr.replace('JavaScript', 'TypeScript');console.log(newStr);
// To replace all instances, use replaceAll().let newStr2 = orgStr.replaceAll('JavaScript', 'TypeScript');console.log(newStr2);

3、Promise.any() 和 AggregateError

Promise.any 与 Promise.all() 正好相反。如果任何承诺得到解决， Promise.any() 将被触发。

另一方面， Promise.all() 将等到所有承诺都得到解决。以下是 any()、all() 和 allSettled() 的区别。

any() — 如果至少有一个承诺被解决，这将执行，如果所有承诺都被拒绝，则将拒绝。

all() — 如果所有承诺都得到解决，这将执行，如果至少一个承诺被拒绝，则将拒绝。

allSettled() — 如果所有承诺都已解决或被拒绝，这将执行。

请参阅以下代码片段以了解如何使用 Promise.any()。

// Create a Promise.const promise1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {    // After 2 seconds resolve the first promise.    setTimeout(() => resolve("The first promise has been resolved."), 2000);});
// Create a Promise.const promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {    // After 1 second resolve the second promise.    setTimeout(() => resolve("The second promise has been resolved."), 1000);});
// Create a Promise.const promise3 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {    // After 3 seconds resolve the third promise.    setTimeout(() => resolve("The third promise has been resolved."), 3000);});
(async function () {    const data = await Promise.any([promise1, promise2, promise3]);    // Print the data returned from the first resolved Promise.    console.log(data);    // The above will print: The second promise has been resolved.})();

如果所有 Promise 都被拒绝，则会抛出 AggregateError 异常。请参阅以下代码片段以了解如何处理异常。

// Create a Promise.const promise1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {    // After 1 second reject the first promise.    setTimeout(() => reject("The first promise has been rejected."), 1000);});
// Create a Promise.const promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {    // After 500 miliseconds reject the second promise.    setTimeout(() => reject("The second promise has been rejected."), 500);});
// Try executing the Promises.(async function () {    try {        const data = await Promise.any([promise1, promise2]);        console.log(data);    } catch (error) {        // If all Promises gets rejected, then this try-catch block will handle        // the aggregate errors.        console.log("Error: ", error);    }})();

4、逻辑赋值运算符

ECMAScript 2021 更新中引入了三个逻辑赋值运算符。这些提供了逻辑运算符和赋值表达式的组合。

• 逻辑 OR 赋值运算符 ||=

• 逻辑与赋值运算符 &&=

• 空合并赋值运算符 ??=

4.1、 逻辑 OR 赋值运算符

逻辑 OR 赋值运算符 ||= 接受两个操作数，如果左操作数为假，则将右操作数分配给左操作数。请参阅以下代码片段以了解如何使用逻辑 OR 赋值运算符。

// In the example, the ||= will check if the songsCount is false (0).// If false, then the right value will be assigned to the left variable.let myPlaylist = {songsCount: 0, songs:[]};myPlaylist.songsCount ||= 100;console.log(myPlaylist); // This will print: {songsCount: 100, songs: Array(0)}

逻辑 OR 赋值运算符短路。此运算符 ||= 等效于以下使用逻辑 OR 运算符的语句。

a || (a = b)

4.2、逻辑 AND 赋值运算符

如果左操作数为真，逻辑 AND 赋值运算符 &&= 仅将右操作数分配给左操作数。请参阅以下代码片段以了解如何使用逻辑 AND 赋值运算符。

// In the example, the &&= will check if the filesCount is true.// If true, then the right value will be assigned to the left variable.let myFiles = {filesCount: 100, files:[]};myFiles.filesCount &&= 5;console.log(myFiles); // This will print: {filesCount: 5, files: Array(0)}

逻辑 AND 赋值运算符也会短路。此运算符 &&= 等效于以下使用逻辑 AND 运算符的语句。

a && (a = b)

4.3、空合并赋值运算符

如果左操作数为空或未定义，则空合并赋值运算符 ??= 仅将右操作数分配给左操作数。请参阅以下代码片段以了解如何使用空合并赋值运算符。

// In the example, the ??= will check if the lastname is null or undefined.// If null or undefined, then the right value will be assigned to the left variable.let userDetails = {firstname: 'Katina', age: 24}userDetails.lastname ??= 'Dawson';console.log(userDetails); // This will print: {firstname: 'Katina', age: 24, lastname: 'Dawson'}

空合并赋值运算符也会短路。此运算符 ??= 等效于以下使用空值合并运算符的语句。

a ?? (a = b)

5、私有类方法和访问器

默认情况下，类方法和属性是公共的，但可以使用哈希 # 前缀创建私有方法和属性。ECMAScript 2021 更新已强制执行隐私封装。

这些私有方法和属性只能从类内部访问。请参阅以下代码片段以了解如何使用私有方法。

// Let's create a class named User.class User {    constructor() {}
    // The private methods can be created by prepending '#' before    // the method name.    #generateAPIKey() {        return "d8cf946093107898cb64963ab34be6b7e22662179a8ea48ca5603f8216748767";    }
    getAPIKey() {        // The private methods can be accessed by using '#' before        // the method name.        return this.#generateAPIKey();    }}
const user = new User();const userAPIKey = user.getAPIKey();console.log(userAPIKey); // This will print: d8cf946093107898cb64963ab34be6b7e22662179a8ea48ca5603f8216748767

私有访问器是——私有的 Getter 和 Setter。Getter 允许您获取类属性的值，而 Setter 允许您为类属性分配值。您可以使用哈希 # 前缀定义私有 getter。

get #newAccountPassword() {}

同样，您可以使用哈希 # 前缀定义私有 setter。

set #generateAccountPassword(newPassword) {}

请参阅以下代码片段以了解如何使用私有 Getter 和 Setter。

// Let's create a class named Str.class Str {    // The private attributes can be created by prepending '#'    // before the attribute name.    #uniqueStr;
    constructor() {}
    // A private Setters can be created by prepending '#' before    // the Setter name.    set #generateUniqueStringByCustomLength(length = 24) {        const characters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";        let randomStr = "";
        for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {            const randomNum = Math.floor(Math.random() * characters.length);            randomStr += characters[randomNum];        }
        this.#uniqueStr = randomStr;    }
    // Public Setter    set setRandomString(length) {        this.#generateUniqueStringByCustomLength = length;    }
    // A private getter can be created by prepending '#' before    // the Getter name.    get #fetchUniqueString() {        return this.#uniqueStr;    }
    // Public Getter    get getRandomString() {        return this.#fetchUniqueString;    }}
const str = new Str();// Calling a public Setter which will then access the private Setter// within the class.str.setRandomString = 20;
// Calling a public Getter which will then access the private Getter// withing the class.const uniqueStr = str.getRandomString;console.log(uniqueStr); // This will print a random string everytime you execute the Getter after the Setter.

总结

感谢您阅读到此！

以上内容就是JavaScript ES12 (ECMAScript 2021) 更新提供的功能学习。现在，您可以继续为您当前或即将开展的项目实施上述功能。

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