用好 Java 中的枚举,让你的工作效率飞起来!
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·
2021-08-27 23:14
来自:baeldung.com/a-guide-to-java-enums
1.概览
package shuang.kou.enumdemo.enumtest;
publicenum PizzaStatus {
ORDERED,
READY,
DELIVERED;
}
System.out.println(PizzaStatus.ORDERED.name());//ORDERED
System.out.println(PizzaStatus.ORDERED);//ORDERED
System.out.println(PizzaStatus.ORDERED.name().getClass());//class java.lang.String
System.out.println(PizzaStatus.ORDERED.getClass());//class shuang.kou.enumdemo.enumtest.PizzaStatus
2.自定义枚举方法
publicclass Pizza {
private PizzaStatus status;
publicenum PizzaStatus {
ORDERED,
READY,
DELIVERED;
}
public boolean isDeliverable() {
if (getStatus() == PizzaStatus.READY) {
returntrue;
}
returnfalse;
}
// Methods that set and get the status variable.
}
3.使用 == 比较枚举类型
if(testPz.getStatus().equals(Pizza.PizzaStatus.DELIVERED));
if(testPz.getStatus() == Pizza.PizzaStatus.DELIVERED);
if(testPz.getStatus().equals(TestColor.GREEN));
if(testPz.getStatus() == TestColor.GREEN);
4.在 switch 语句中使用枚举类型
public int getDeliveryTimeInDays() {
switch (status) {
case ORDERED: return5;
case READY: return2;
case DELIVERED: return0;
}
return0;
}
5.枚举类型的属性,方法和构造函数
publicclass Pizza {
private PizzaStatus status;
publicenum PizzaStatus {
ORDERED (5){
@Override
public boolean isOrdered() {
returntrue;
}
},
READY (2){
@Override
public boolean isReady() {
returntrue;
}
},
DELIVERED (0){
@Override
public boolean isDelivered() {
returntrue;
}
};
privateint timeToDelivery;
public boolean isOrdered() {returnfalse;}
public boolean isReady() {returnfalse;}
public boolean isDelivered(){returnfalse;}
public int getTimeToDelivery() {
return timeToDelivery;
}
PizzaStatus (int timeToDelivery) {
this.timeToDelivery = timeToDelivery;
}
}
public boolean isDeliverable() {
returnthis.status.isReady();
}
public void printTimeToDeliver() {
System.out.println("Time to delivery is " +
this.getStatus().getTimeToDelivery());
}
// Methods that set and get the status variable.
}
@Test
public void givenPizaOrder_whenReady_thenDeliverable() {
Pizza testPz = new Pizza();
testPz.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.READY);
assertTrue(testPz.isDeliverable());
}
6.EnumSet and EnumMap
6.1. EnumSet
EnumSet
是一种专门为枚举类型所设计的 Set
类型。HashSet
相比,由于使用了内部位向量表示,因此它是特定 Enum
常量集的非常有效且紧凑的表示形式。EnumSet
是抽象类,其有两个实现:RegularEnumSet
、JumboEnumSet
,选择哪一个取决于实例化时枚举中常量的数量。containsAll
和removeAll
批操作)使用EnumSet
非常合适;如果需要迭代所有可能的常量则使用Enum.values()
。publicclass Pizza {
privatestatic EnumSet<PizzaStatus> undeliveredPizzaStatuses =
EnumSet.of(PizzaStatus.ORDERED, PizzaStatus.READY);
private PizzaStatus status;
publicenum PizzaStatus {
...
}
public boolean isDeliverable() {
returnthis.status.isReady();
}
public void printTimeToDeliver() {
System.out.println("Time to delivery is " +
this.getStatus().getTimeToDelivery() + " days");
}
public static List<Pizza> getAllUndeliveredPizzas(List<Pizza> input) {
return input.stream().filter(
(s) -> undeliveredPizzaStatuses.contains(s.getStatus()))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
public void deliver() {
if (isDeliverable()) {
PizzaDeliverySystemConfiguration.getInstance().getDeliveryStrategy()
.deliver(this);
this.setStatus(PizzaStatus.DELIVERED);
}
}
// Methods that set and get the status variable.
}
EnumSet
在某些场景下的强大功能:@Test
public void givenPizaOrders_whenRetrievingUnDeliveredPzs_thenCorrectlyRetrieved() {
List<Pizza> pzList = new ArrayList<>();
Pizza pz1 = new Pizza();
pz1.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.DELIVERED);
Pizza pz2 = new Pizza();
pz2.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.ORDERED);
Pizza pz3 = new Pizza();
pz3.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.ORDERED);
Pizza pz4 = new Pizza();
pz4.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.READY);
pzList.add(pz1);
pzList.add(pz2);
pzList.add(pz3);
pzList.add(pz4);
List<Pizza> undeliveredPzs = Pizza.getAllUndeliveredPizzas(pzList);
assertTrue(undeliveredPzs.size() == 3);
}
6.2. EnumMap
EnumMap
是一个专门化的映射实现,用于将枚举常量用作键。与对应的 HashMap
相比,它是一个高效紧凑的实现,并且在内部表示为一个数组:EnumMap<Pizza.PizzaStatus, Pizza> map;
publicstatic EnumMap<PizzaStatus, List<Pizza>>
groupPizzaByStatus(List<Pizza> pizzaList) {
EnumMap<PizzaStatus, List<Pizza>> pzByStatus =
new EnumMap<PizzaStatus, List<Pizza>>(PizzaStatus.class);
for (Pizza pz : pizzaList) {
PizzaStatus status = pz.getStatus();
if (pzByStatus.containsKey(status)) {
pzByStatus.get(status).add(pz);
} else {
List<Pizza> newPzList = new ArrayList<Pizza>();
newPzList.add(pz);
pzByStatus.put(status, newPzList);
}
}
return pzByStatus;
}
EnumMap
在某些场景下的强大功能:@Test
public void givenPizaOrders_whenGroupByStatusCalled_thenCorrectlyGrouped() {
List<Pizza> pzList = new ArrayList<>();
Pizza pz1 = new Pizza();
pz1.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.DELIVERED);
Pizza pz2 = new Pizza();
pz2.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.ORDERED);
Pizza pz3 = new Pizza();
pz3.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.ORDERED);
Pizza pz4 = new Pizza();
pz4.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.READY);
pzList.add(pz1);
pzList.add(pz2);
pzList.add(pz3);
pzList.add(pz4);
EnumMap<Pizza.PizzaStatus,List<Pizza>> map = Pizza.groupPizzaByStatus(pzList);
assertTrue(map.get(Pizza.PizzaStatus.DELIVERED).size() == 1);
assertTrue(map.get(Pizza.PizzaStatus.ORDERED).size() == 2);
assertTrue(map.get(Pizza.PizzaStatus.READY).size() == 1);
}
7. 通过枚举实现一些设计模式
7.1 单例模式
“ 这种方法在功能上与公有域方法相近,但是它更加简洁,无偿提供了序列化机制,绝对防止多次实例化,即使是在面对复杂序列化或者反射攻击的时候。虽然这种方法还没有广泛采用,但是单元素的枚举类型已经成为实现 Singleton的最佳方法。—-《Effective Java 中文版 第二版》
“ 《Java与模式》中,作者这样写道,使用枚举来实现单实例控制会更加简洁,而且无偿地提供了序列化机制,并由JVM从根本上提供保障,绝对防止多次实例化,是更简洁、高效、安全的实现单例的方式。
publicenum PizzaDeliverySystemConfiguration {
INSTANCE;
PizzaDeliverySystemConfiguration() {
// Initialization configuration which involves
// overriding defaults like delivery strategy
}
private PizzaDeliveryStrategy deliveryStrategy = PizzaDeliveryStrategy.NORMAL;
public static PizzaDeliverySystemConfiguration getInstance() {
return INSTANCE;
}
public PizzaDeliveryStrategy getDeliveryStrategy() {
return deliveryStrategy;
}
}
PizzaDeliveryStrategy deliveryStrategy = PizzaDeliverySystemConfiguration.getInstance().getDeliveryStrategy();
PizzaDeliverySystemConfiguration.getInstance()
获取的就是单例的 PizzaDeliverySystemConfiguration
7.2 策略模式
publicenum PizzaDeliveryStrategy {
EXPRESS {
@Override
public void deliver(Pizza pz) {
System.out.println("Pizza will be delivered in express mode");
}
},
NORMAL {
@Override
public void deliver(Pizza pz) {
System.out.println("Pizza will be delivered in normal mode");
}
};
public abstract void deliver(Pizza pz);
}
Pizza
增加下面的方法:public void deliver() {
if (isDeliverable()) {
PizzaDeliverySystemConfiguration.getInstance().getDeliveryStrategy()
.deliver(this);
this.setStatus(PizzaStatus.DELIVERED);
}
}
@Test
public void givenPizaOrder_whenDelivered_thenPizzaGetsDeliveredAndStatusChanges() {
Pizza pz = new Pizza();
pz.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.READY);
pz.deliver();
assertTrue(pz.getStatus() == Pizza.PizzaStatus.DELIVERED);
}
8. Java 8 与枚举
getAllUndeliveredPizzas()
和groupPizzaByStatus()
方法变得如此简洁:getAllUndeliveredPizzas()
:public static List<Pizza> getAllUndeliveredPizzas(List<Pizza> input) {
return input.stream().filter(
(s) -> !deliveredPizzaStatuses.contains(s.getStatus()))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
groupPizzaByStatus()
:publicstatic EnumMap<PizzaStatus, List<Pizza>>
groupPizzaByStatus(List<Pizza> pzList) {
EnumMap<PizzaStatus, List<Pizza>> map = pzList.stream().collect(
Collectors.groupingBy(Pizza::getStatus,
() -> new EnumMap<>(PizzaStatus.class), Collectors.toList()));
return map;
}
9. Enum 类型的 JSON 表现形式
@JsonFormat(shape = JsonFormat.Shape.OBJECT)
publicenum PizzaStatus {
ORDERED (5){
@Override
public boolean isOrdered() {
returntrue;
}
},
READY (2){
@Override
public boolean isReady() {
returntrue;
}
},
DELIVERED (0){
@Override
public boolean isDelivered() {
returntrue;
}
};
privateint timeToDelivery;
public boolean isOrdered() {returnfalse;}
public boolean isReady() {returnfalse;}
public boolean isDelivered(){returnfalse;}
@JsonProperty("timeToDelivery")
public int getTimeToDelivery() {
return timeToDelivery;
}
private PizzaStatus (int timeToDelivery) {
this.timeToDelivery = timeToDelivery;
}
}
Pizza
和 PizzaStatus
:Pizza pz = new Pizza();
pz.setStatus(Pizza.PizzaStatus.READY);
System.out.println(Pizza.getJsonString(pz));
{
"status" : {
"timeToDelivery" : 2,
"ready" : true,
"ordered" : false,
"delivered" : false
},
"deliverable" : true
}
10.总结
11. 补充
publicenum PinType {
REGISTER(100000, "注册使用"),
FORGET_PASSWORD(100001, "忘记密码使用"),
UPDATE_PHONE_NUMBER(100002, "更新手机号码使用");
privatefinalint code;
privatefinal String message;
PinType(int code, String message) {
this.code = code;
this.message = message;
}
public int getCode() {
return code;
}
public String getMessage() {
return message;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return"PinType{" +
"code=" + code +
", message='" + message + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
System.out.println(PinType.FORGET_PASSWORD.getCode());
System.out.println(PinType.FORGET_PASSWORD.getMessage());
System.out.println(PinType.FORGET_PASSWORD.toString());
100001
忘记密码使用
PinType{code=100001, message='忘记密码使用'}