初学Python常见异常错误,总有一处你会遇到!
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2019-10-06 23:20
初学Python常见错误
忘记写冒号
误用=
错误 缩紧
变量没有定义
中英文输入法导致的错误
不同数据类型的拼接
索引位置问题
使用字典中不存在的键
忘了括号
漏传参数
缺失依赖库
使用了python中对关键词
编码问题
1. 忘记写冒号
在 if、elif、else、for、while、def语句后面忘记添加 :
age = 42
if age == 42
print('Hello!')
File"
" , line 2if age == 42
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
2. 误用 =
=
是赋值操作,而判断两个值是否相等是 ==
gender = '男'
if gender = '男':
print('Man')
File"
" , line 2if gender = '男':
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
3. 错误的缩进
Python用缩进区分代码块,常见的错误用法:
print('Hello!')
print('Howdy!')
File"
" , line 2print('Howdy!')
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
num = 25
if num == 25:
print('Hello!')
File"
" , line 3print('Hello!')
^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
4. 变量没有定义
if city in ['New York', 'Bei Jing', 'Tokyo']:
print('This is a mega city')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
22-a81fd2e7a0fd> in ----> 1if city in ['New York', 'Bei Jing', 'Tokyo']:
2print('This is a mega city')
NameError: name 'city'isnotdefined
5. 中英文输入法导致的错误
英文冒号
英文括号
英文逗号
英文单双引号
if5>3:
print('5比3大')
File"
" , line 1if5>3:
^
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier
if5>3:
print('5比3大')
File"
" , line 2print('5比3大')
^
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier
spam = [1, 2,3]
File"
" , line 1spam = [1, 2,3]
^
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier
if5>3:
print('5比3大‘)
File"
" , line 2print('5比3大‘)
^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
6. 不同数据类型的拼接
字符串/列表/元组 支持拼接
字典/集合不支持拼接
'I have ' + 12 + ' eggs.'
#'I have {} eggs.'.format(12)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
29-20c7c89a2ec6> in ----> 1'I have ' + 12 + ' eggs.'
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not"int") to str
['a', 'b', 'c']+'def'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
31-0e8919333d6b> in ----> 1 ['a', 'b', 'c']+'def'
TypeError: can only concatenate list (not"str") to list
('a', 'b', 'c')+['a', 'b', 'c']
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
33-90742621216d> in ----> 1 ('a', 'b', 'c')+['a', 'b', 'c']
TypeError: can only concatenate tuple (not"list") to tuple
set(['a', 'b', 'c'])+set(['d', 'e'])
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
35-ddf5fb1e6c8c> in ----> 1set(['a', 'b', 'c'])+set(['d', 'e'])
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'set'and'set'
grades1 = {'Mary':99, 'Henry':77}
grades2 = {'David':88, 'Unique':89}
grades1+grades2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
36-1b1456844331> in 2 grades2 = {'David':88, 'Unique':89}
3
----> 4 grades1+grades2
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'dict'and'dict'
7. 索引位置问题
spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'mouse']
print(spam[5])
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
38-e0a79346266d> in 1 spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'mouse']
----> 2print(spam[5])
IndexError: list index out of range
8. 使用字典中不存在的键
在字典对象中访问 key 可以使用 []
,
但是如果该 key 不存在,就会导致:KeyError: 'zebra'
spam = {'cat': 'Zophie',
'dog': 'Basil',
'mouse': 'Whiskers'}
print(spam['zebra'])
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
39-92c9b44ff034> in 3'mouse': 'Whiskers'}
4
----> 5print(spam['zebra'])
KeyError: 'zebra'
为了避免这种情况,可以使用 get 方法
spam = {'cat': 'Zophie',
'dog': 'Basil',
'mouse': 'Whiskers'}
print(spam.get('zebra'))
None
key 不存在时,get 默认返回 None
9. 忘了括号
当函数中传入的是函数或者方法时,容易漏写括号
spam = {'cat': 'Zophie',
'dog': 'Basil',
'mouse': 'Whiskers'}
print(spam.get('zebra')
File"
" , line 5print(spam.get('zebra')
^
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing
10. 漏传参数
def diyadd(x, y, z):
return x+y+z
diyadd(1, 2)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeErrorTraceback (most recent call last)
44-7184f3f906ca> in 2return x+y+z
3
----> 4 diyadd(1, 2)
TypeError: diyadd() missing 1 required positional argument: 'z'
11. 缺失依赖库
电脑中没有相关的库
12. 使用了python中的关键词
如try、except、def、class、object、None、True、False等
try = 5
print(try)
File"
" , line 1try = 5
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
def = 6
print(6)
File"
" , line 1def = 6
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
13. 文件编码问题
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data/twitter情感分析数据集.csv')
df.head()
尝试encoding编码参数传入utf-8、gbk
df = pd.read_csv('data/twitter情感分析数据集.csv', encoding='utf-8')
df.head()
都报错说明编码不是utf-8和gbk,而是不常见都编码,这里我们需要传入正确都encoding,才能让程序运行。
python有个chardet库,专门用来侦测编码。
import chardet
binary_data = open('data/twitter情感分析数据集.csv', 'rb').read()
chardet.detect(binary_data)
{'encoding': 'Windows-1252', 'confidence': 0.7291192008535122, 'language': ''}