const data= null ?? 'data';console.log(data);// expected output: "data"const data1 = 1 ?? 4;console.log(data1);// expected output: 1

function add(a, b) {    val1 = a || 1;    val2 = b || 1;    sum = val1 + val2;    return sum;}
console.log(add(0, 0)); //output:2

function add1(a, b) {    val1 = a ?? 1;    val2 = b ?? 1;    sum = val1 + val2;    return sum;}
console.log(add1(0, 0)); //ouput:0

// Longhandswitch (data) {    case 1:        data1();        break;    case 2:        data2();        break;    case 3:        data();        break;        // And so on...}// Shorthandvar data = {    1: data1,    2: data2,    3: data};const val = 1data[val]();function data1() {    console.log("data1");}function data2() {    console.log("data2");}function data() {    console.log("data");}

console.log(`%cabc`, 'font-weight:bold;color:red');

//Longhand if (test1) { callMethod(); }//Shorthand test1 && callMethod();

// Longhandfunction data1() {    console.log('data1');};function data2() {    console.log('data2');};var data3 = 1;if (data3 == 1) {    data1();} else {    data2();} //data1// Shorthand(data3 === 1 ? data1 : data2)(); //data1

// Longhandlet value;function returnMe() {    if (!(value === undefined)) {        return value;    } else {        return callFunction('value');    }}var data = returnMe();console.log(data); //output valuefunction callFunction(val) {    console.log(val);}// Shorthandfunction returnMe() {    return value || callFunction('value');}

// Longhandlet mychoice: boolean;if (money > 100) {    mychoice= true;} else {    mychoice= false;}// Shorthandlet mychoice= (money > 10) ? true : false;//or we can use directlylet mychoice= money > 10;console.log(mychoice);

let salary = 300,checking = (salary > 100) ? 'greater 100' : (x < 50) ? 'less 50' : 'between 50 and 100';console.log(checking); // "greater than 100"

const data = {    a: 1,    b: 'atit',    d: {        test1: {            test2: 'patel',        },    },};console.log(data.val.test1); // here val is not present in object which leads the errorError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'test1')console.log(data?.val); // using this we can check if the val is present in the data or not

let data1 = 'abcd'; let data2 = 'efgh';//Longhand let data = {data1: data1, data2: data2};//Shorthand let data = {data1, data2};

<p>heading before loads</p><script defer src="src/test.js"></script><p>heading after loads</p>