救火分享:记一次 K8s 控制平面排障的血泪经历!-技术圈

集群以及环境信息的信息：

k8s v1.18.4
3 节点 Master 均为 8核 16G，50Gi-SSD
差异化配置的 19 节点 Minion
control-plane 组件 (kube-apiserver，etcd，kube-controller-manager，kube-scheduler) 以 static-pod 的模式进行部署
3 个 kube-apiserver 前端有一个 VIP 进行流量的 LoadBalance
腾讯云的 SSD 性能大概是 130MB/s

故障描述

在2021-9-10下午“诡异”的事情开始出现：kubectl 偶尔卡住无法正常 CRUDW 标准资源 (Pod, Node 等)，此时已经意识到是部分的 kube-apiserver 无法正常工作，然后尝试分别接入 3 台 kube-apiserver 所在宿主机，发现以下不正常的情况：

现场的信息

k8s control-plane kube-apiserver Pod 信息：

$ kubectl get pods -n kube-system kube-apiserver-x.x.x.x -o yaml...  containerStatuses:  - containerID: docker://xxxxx    ....    lastState:      terminated:        containerID: docker://yyyy        exitCode: 137        finishedAt: "2021-09-10T09:29:02Z"        reason: OOMKilled        startedAt: "2020-12-09T07:02:23Z"    name: kube-apiserver    ready: true    restartCount: 1    started: true    state:      running:        startedAt: "2021-09-10T09:29:08Z"...

9月10日，kube-apiserver 因为 OOM 被 Kill 过。

周边监控

IaaS 层提供监控信息 (control-plane 所在宿主的黑盒监控信息)：

有效信息：

内存、CPU、读取磁盘呈现正相关，并且在9月10日开始明显下降各方面指标回归正常

Kube-apiserver Prometheus 的监控信息：

有效信息：

kube-apiserver 的 IO 出现了问题，Prometheus 在中途的某段事件无法正常的刮取 kube-apiserver 的 metrics 指标
kube-apiserver 占用的内存单调递增，内部 workqueue 的 ADD iops 很高

实时的 Debug 信息

有效信息：

两个 Master 节点的内存都几乎被占用了 80%~90% 的样子
大量的内存都被 kube-apiserver 进程吃掉了
有一台 Master 组件格外特殊，除了内存之外，CPU 也已经被打满，并且大量的 CPU 陷入内核态，wa 很高
机器上几乎每个进程都 “ 疯 “ 了，都在进行大量的读盘操作，接入的 shell 已经基本不可用
唯一内存消耗相对较低（当时占用 8Gi）的 Master 节点上，kube-apiserver 曾经被 OOM-Kill 过

一些疑问以及相关的猜想

为什么 kube-apiserver 消耗大量内存？

存在 Client 在进行全量 List 核心资源
etcd 无法提供正常服务，引发 kube-apiserver 无法正常为其他的 control-plane 组件无法提供选主服务，kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler 不断重启，不断 ListAndWatch 进而打垮整个机器
kube-apiserver 代码有 bug，存在内存泄漏

etcd 集群为何无法正常工作？

etcd 集群内网络抖动
磁盘性能下降，无法满足正常的 etcd 工作
etcd 所在宿主机计算资源匮乏 (CPU，RAM)，etcd 只能分配到很少的时间轮片。而代码中设置的网络描述符的 Deadline 到期

kube-controller-manager，kube-scheduler 这种无状态服务为什么会大量的读盘？

kube-controller-manager，kube-scheduler 读取本地的配置文件
操作系统内存极度紧缩的情况下，会将部分代码段很大的进程的内存页驱逐。保证被调度的进程能够运行。当被驱逐的进程再度被调度的时候会重新读入内存。这样会导致 I/O 增加

一些日志

kube-apiserver相关：

I0907 07:04:17.611412       1 trace.go:116] Trace[1140445702]: "Get" url:/apis/storage.k8s.io/v1/volumeattachments/csi-b8d912ae5f2cd6d9cfaecc515568c455afdc729fd4c721e4a6ed24ae09d9bcb6,user-agent:kube-controller-manager/v1.18.4 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/f8797eb/system:serviceaccount:kube-system:attachdetach-controller,client:10.0.0.42 (started: 2021-09-07 07:04:16.635225967 +0800 CST m=+23472113.230522917) (total time: 976.1773ms):Trace[1140445702]: [976.164659ms] [976.159045ms] About to write a responseI0907 07:04:17.611478       1 trace.go:116] Trace[630463685]: "Get" url:/apis/storage.k8s.io/v1/volumeattachments/csi-30c942388d7a835b685e5d5a44a15943bfc87b228e3b9ed2fa01ed071fbc1ada,user-agent:kube-controller-manager/v1.18.4 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/f8797eb/system:serviceaccount:kube-system:attachdetach-controller,client:10.0.0.42 (started: 2021-09-07 07:04:16.627643544 +0800 CST m=+23472113.222940496) (total time: 983.823847ms):Trace[630463685]: [983.812225ms] [983.803546ms] About to write a responseI0907 07:04:17.611617       1 trace.go:116] Trace[1538026391]: "Get" url:/apis/storage.k8s.io/v1/volumeattachments/csi-3360a8de64a82e17aa96f373f6dc185489bbc653824b3099c81a6fce754a3f6f,user-agent:kube-controller-manager/v1.18.4 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/f8797eb/system:serviceaccount:kube-system:attachdetach-controller,client:10.0.0.42 (started: 2021-09-07 07:04:16.565151702 +0800 CST m=+23472113.160448667) (total time: 1.046416117s):Trace[1538026391]: [1.046397533s] [1.046390931s] About to write a response
# ....N条类似的日志....I0907 07:04:24.171900       1 trace.go:116] Trace[1679666311]: "Get" url:/apis/storage.k8s.io/v1/volumeattachments/csi-b5ee4d68917fbf1262cc0a8047d9c37133a4a766f53f3566c40f868edd8a0bf0,user-agent:kube-controller-manager/v1.18.4 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/f8797eb/system:serviceaccount:kube-system:attachdetach-controller,client:10.0.0.42 (started: 2021-09-07 07:04:17.116692376 +0800 CST m=+23472113.711989328) (total time: 5.467094616s):Trace[1679666311]: [4.69843064s] [4.698422403s] About to write a responseTrace[1679666311]: [5.467093266s] [768.662626ms] Transformed response objectI0907 07:04:24.142154       1 trace.go:116] Trace[2029984150]: "Get" url:/apis/storage.k8s.io/v1/volumeattachments/csi-29407a58f021e9911d3ed9b5745dddfd40e61d64e1ecc62cf71ab9e037f83107,user-agent:kube-controller-manager/v1.18.4 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/f8797eb/system:serviceaccount:kube-system:attachdetach-controller,client:10.0.0.42 (started: 2021-09-07 07:04:17.102181932 +0800 CST m=+23472113.697478883) (total time: 5.50528966s):Trace[2029984150]: [4.704869664s] [4.704865103s] About to write a responseTrace[2029984150]: [5.505288975s] [800.419311ms] Transformed response objectE0907 07:04:37.327057       1 authentication.go:53] Unable to authenticate the request due to an error: [invalid bearer token, context canceled]I0907 07:04:40.391602       1 trace.go:116] Trace[2032502471]: "Update" url:/apis/coordination.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/kube-node-lease/leases/10.0.0.8,user-agent:kubelet/v1.18.4 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/f8797eb,client:10.0.0.8 (started: 2021-09-07 07:04:17.392952999 +0800 CST m=+23472113.988249966) (total time: 20.164329656s):Trace[2032502471]: [286.281637ms] [286.281637ms] About to convert to expected versionTrace[2032502471]: [481.650367ms] [195.36873ms] Conversion doneTrace[2032502471]: [674.825685ms] [193.175318ms] About to store object in databaseTrace[2032502471]: [20.164329656s] [19.489503971s] ENDI0907 07:04:41.502454       1 trace.go:116] Trace[951110924]: "Get" url:/apis/storage.k8s.io/v1/volumeattachments/csi-0938f8852ff15a3937d619216756f9bfa5b0d91c0eb95a881b3caccbf8e87fb2,user-agent:kube-controller-manager/v1.18.4 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/f8797eb/system:serviceaccount:kube-system:attachdetach-controller,client:10.0.0.42 (started: 2021-09-07 07:04:17.29109778 +0800 CST m=+23472113.886395069) (total time: 20.41128212s):Trace[951110924]: [12.839487235s] [12.839478549s] About to write a responseTrace[951110924]: [20.411280569s] [7.571793334s] Transformed response object
W0907 07:10:39.496915       1 clientconn.go:1208] grpc: addrConn.createTransport failed to connect to {https://etcd0:2379  <nil> 0 <nil>}. Err :connection error: desc = "transport: Error while dialing context deadline exceeded". Reconnecting...I0907 07:10:39.514215       1 clientconn.go:882] blockingPicker: the picked transport is not ready, loop back to repickE0907 07:10:39.514473       1 status.go:71] apiserver received an error that is not an metav1.Status: &errors.errorString{s:"context canceled"}E0907 07:10:39.514538       1 status.go:71] apiserver received an error that is not an metav1.Status: &errors.errorString{s:"context canceled"}I0907 07:10:39.514662       1 clientconn.go:882] blockingPicker: the picked transport is not ready, loop back to repickE0907 07:10:39.514679       1 status.go:71] apiserver received an error that is not an metav1.Status: &errors.errorString{s:"context canceled"}E0907 07:10:39.514858       1 status.go:71] apiserver received an error that is not an metav1.Status: &errors.errorString{s:"context canceled"}W0907 07:10:39.514925       1 clientconn.go:1208] grpc: addrConn.createTransport failed to connect to {https://etcd0:2379  <nil> 0 <nil>}. Err :connection error: desc = "transport: Error while dialing context deadline exceeded". Reconnecting...

可以看到对 etcd 的操作耗时越来越慢。并且最后甚至丢失了与 etcd 的连接

etcd日志【已经丢失9月7日的日志】：

{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:14:50.559+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.42:49824","server-name":"","error":"read tcp 10.0.0.8:2380->10.0.0.42:49824: i/o timeout"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:14:58.993+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.6:54656","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:15:03.961+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.6:54642","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:15:32.253+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.6:54658","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:15:49.299+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.42:49690","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:15:55.930+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.42:49736","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:16:29.446+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.6:54664","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:16:24.026+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.42:49696","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:16:36.625+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.42:49714","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:17:54.241+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.42:49878","server-name":"","error":"read tcp 10.0.0.8:2380->10.0.0.42:49878: i/o timeout"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:18:31.712+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.42:49728","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}{"level":"warn","ts":"2021-09-10T17:18:31.785+0800","caller":"embed/config_logging.go:279","msg":"rejected connection","remote-addr":"10.0.0.42:49800","server-name":"","error":"EOF"}

可以看出，该节点的 etcd 与集群中的其他节点的通信也异常了。无法正常对外提供服务

深入调查

查看 kube-apiserver Heap-Profile

获取到 kube-apiserver 最近的 Profile 可以发现大量的内存都被 registry(*Store).DeleteCollection 吃掉了。DeleteCollection 会先进行 List 操作，然后并发删除每个 Item。瞬间吃掉大量内存也在情理之中。也许我这么倒霉，这次抓的时候就正好处于 Delete 的疯狂调用期间，休息 10 分钟，等下再抓一次看看。

怎么回事？怎么 DeleteCollection 还是持有这么多内存。此处其实已经开始怀疑 kube-apiserver 有 goroutine 泄漏的可能了。

看来 heap 的 Profile 无法提供足够的信息进行进一步的问题确定，继续抓取 kube-apiserver goroutine 的 profile

查看 kube-apiserver goroutine-profile

1.8W goroutine

goroutine 18970952966 [chan send, 429 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc00f082ba0, 0xc04e059b90, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc235e37570)--goroutine 18971918521 [chan send, 394 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc01f5a7c20, 0xc025cf8750, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc128042620)--goroutine 18975541850 [chan send, 261 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc08bb1c780, 0xc095222240, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc128667340)--goroutine 18972733441 [chan send, 363 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc015c2c9c0, 0xc0db776240, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc124b0f570)--goroutine 18973170460 [chan send, 347 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc07a804c60, 0xc04ee83200, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc23e555c00)--goroutine 18974040729 [chan send, 316 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc028d40780, 0xc243ea0cf0, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc14a6be770)--goroutine 18974695712 [chan send, 292 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc04573b5c0, 0xc04f0af290, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc1982732d0)--goroutine 18974885774 [chan send, 285 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc26065b9e0, 0xc06f025710, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc229945f80)--goroutine 18971511296 [chan send, 408 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc021e74480, 0xc0313a54d0, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc1825177a0)--goroutine 18975459144 [chan send, 263 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc26cb9d1a0, 0xc17672b440, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc156fcd810)--goroutine 18973661056 [chan send, 331 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc2ba3f1680, 0xc19df40870, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc24b888a10)--goroutine 18973633598 [chan send, 331 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc24a0ef5c0, 0xc05472a900, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc01ec14af0)--goroutine 18974804879 [chan send, 288 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc0863f9ce0, 0xc04fcee090, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc2257a1d50)--goroutine 18974203255 [chan send, 310 minutes]:k8s.io/kubernetes/vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/registry/generic/registry.(*Store).DeleteCollection.func1(0xc2727ed8c0, 0xc021d4ae10, 0x9, 0x9, 0xc173af3570)# ...还有很多，就不列举了...

果然大量密集的 goroutine 全部都 Block 在 chan send，并且时间上很密集。DeleteCollection 该接口的调用一般都是 kube-controller-manager 的 namespace_deleter。如果 kube-apiserver 的接口调用异常会进行 Backoff，然后继续请求，此处的异常是和 kube-apiserver 的通讯没问题，但是 kube-apiserver 无法正常和 etcd 交互。

查看 kube-controller-manager 的日志

E1027 15:15:01.016712       1 leaderelection.go:320] error retrieving resource lock kube-system/kube-controller-manager: etcdserver: request timed outI1027 15:15:01.950682       1 leaderelection.go:277] failed to renew lease kube-system/kube-controller-manager: timed out waiting for the conditionF1027 15:15:01.950760       1 controllermanager.go:279] leaderelection lostI1027 15:15:01.962210       1 certificate_controller.go:131] Shutting down certificate controller "csrsigning"

虽然没有输出调用 DeleteCollection 相关的日志，但是 kube-controller-manager 进行 LeaderElection 的 ConfigMap 也无法正常的刷新了。并且报错也非常明确的指出是 kube-apiserver 请求 etcd 出现 timeout。

kube-apiserver DeleteCollection 实现

func (e *Store) DeleteCollection(ctx context.Context, deleteValidation rest.ValidateObjectFunc, options *metav1.DeleteOptions, listOptions *metainternalversion.ListOptions) (runtime.Object, error) {
    ... listObj, err := e.List(ctx, listOptions) if err != nil {  return nil, err } items, err := meta.ExtractList(listObj) ... wg := sync.WaitGroup{} toProcess := make(chan int, 2*workersNumber) errs := make(chan error, workersNumber+1)
 go func() {  defer utilruntime.HandleCrash(func(panicReason interface{}) {   errs <- fmt.Errorf("DeleteCollection distributor panicked: %v", panicReason)  })  for i := 0; i < len(items); i++ {   toProcess <- i  }  close(toProcess) }()
 wg.Add(workersNumber) for i := 0; i < workersNumber; i++ {  go func() {   // panics don't cross goroutine boundaries   defer utilruntime.HandleCrash(func(panicReason interface{}) {    errs <- fmt.Errorf("DeleteCollection goroutine panicked: %v", panicReason)   })   defer wg.Done()
   for index := range toProcess {       ...    if _, _, err := e.Delete(ctx, accessor.GetName(), deleteValidation, options.DeepCopy()); err != nil && !apierrors.IsNotFound(err) {     klog.V(4).InfoS("Delete object in DeleteCollection failed", "object", klog.KObj(accessor), "err", err)     errs <- err     return    }   }  }() } wg.Wait() select { case err := <-errs:  return nil, err default:  return listObj, nil }}

如果e.Delete发生异常（也就是我们场景下的 etcd 异常）。worker goroutine 将会正常退出，但是任务分配 goroutine 无法正常退出，Block 在发送 toProcess chan 的代码块中。如果该 Goroutine 无法结束，那么通过 etcd 的 List 接口获取到的 items 也无法被 GC，在内存中大量堆积，导致 OOM。

总结

1、排障之前需要对正常有一个比较明确的定位，何谓“正常”？

根据之前的实践经验：100Node，1400Pod, 50 Configmap, 300 event。kube-apiserver消耗的资源大概在 2Gi 的内存以及单核心 10% 的计算资源。

2、本次排障过程中大概如下：

通过一些不正常的表现，感觉到问题的存在
大概确定引发故障的组件，通过管理工具获取该组件相关的信息
在相关的监控系统中寻找异常发生的时间，提取相关的有效信息比如 CPU，RAM，Disk 的消耗
对触发故障的原因做假设
查找相关组件的日志，Profile 来印证假设

3、如何防止 control-plane 链式崩溃

明确设置 kube-apiserver 的 CPU 资源内存资源的消耗。防止在混部模式下因为 kube-apiserver 消耗大量内存资源的前提下影响到 etcd 的正常工作
etcd 集群独立于 control-plane 其他的组件部署

原文链接：https://github.com/k8s-club/k8s-club/blob/main/articles/%E6%8A%93%E8%99%AB%E6%97%A5%E8%AE%B0%20-%20kube-apiserver.md